ReviewJournal of endocrinological investigation2019
Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: an overview (what endocrinologists should know).
Review in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Incidence of Endocrine-Related Dysfunction in Patients Treated with New Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Pooled it
- Frequency and clinical characteristics of hypophysitis and hypopituitarism in patients undergoing immunotherapy - A systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Real world incidence, predictors and outcomes of endocrine immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Endocrinologic Toxicities of Cancer Therapy: Evolving Challenges and Multidisciplinary Approaches.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced toxicity: a real-world analysis of the role of BMI.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-induced hyponatremia: a real-world pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS database.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- From cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma to atrial myxoma, through nivolumab-induced hypophysitis: a complicated case report of Carney Complex.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Challenges and pitfalls in the management of endocrine toxicities from immune checkpoint inhibitors: a case presentation of synchronous thyrotoxicosis and primary adrenal insufficiency in a melanoma patient.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2024Article
- Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency in adults.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Predictors of thyroid adverse events during cancer immunotherapy: a real-life experience at a single center.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Article
- Toripalimab-associated diabetes mellitus: a case report from the community of Southern China.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports · 2023Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and the Kidney: A Focus on Diagnosis and Management for Personalised Medicine.Cancers · 2023Review
- Subacute thyroiditis presenting as simple acute headache was misdiagnosed as meningitis: case report and literature review.BMC endocrine disorders · 2023Review
- A real-world retrospective study of incidence and associated factors of endocrine adverse events related to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.Annals of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Divergent prognostic effects of pre-existing and treatment-emergent thyroid dysfunction in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel anticancer agents, recently introduced with the aim of boosting the immune response against tumors. ICIs are monoclonal autoantibodies that specifically target inhibitory receptors on T cells: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-1L). ICIs also generate peculiar dysimmune toxicities, called immune-related adverse events (irAEs), that can potentially affect any tissue, and some may be life-threatening if not promptly recognized. The endocrine and metabolic side effects of ICIs are reviewed here, with a particular focus on their clinical presentation and management. They are among the most frequent toxicities (around 10%) and include hypophysitis, thyroid disorders, adrenalitis, and diabetes mellitus. Treatment is based on the replacement of specific hormone deficits, accompanied by immunosuppression (with corticosteroids or other drugs), depending on irAEs grade, often without the need of ICI withdrawal, except in more severe forms. Prompt recognition of endocrine and metabolic irAEs and adequate treatment allow the patients to continue a therapy they are benefiting from. Endocrinologists, as an integral part of the multidisciplinary oncologic team, need to be familiar with the unique toxicity profile of these anticancer agents. Practical recommendations for their management are proposed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.