ArticleInnovation in aging2018
Mediators of the Effect of Childhood Socioeconomic Status on Late Midlife Cognitive Abilities: A Four Decade Longitudinal Study.
Article in Innovation in aging, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- CATSLife: A Study of Lifespan Behavioral Development and Cognitive Functioning.Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · 2019Trial
- Contribution of accumulative affective problems across the life course towards the association of childhood socioeconomic position with later-life cognitive ageing.European journal of ageing · 2026Article
- The double-burden of poverty on cognition hypothesis: a systematic review of the mechanisms of the effect of poverty in early life on the development and expression of cognition in adolescence and adulthood.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Review
- Childhood Opportunity Index 2.0 and Cognition via the NIH Toolbox.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2026Article
- The impact of early childhood adversity on adult cognitive performance: The mediating roles of childhood cognitive ability and educational attainment.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- High School Curricular Rigor and Cognitive Function among White Older Adults.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- The Childhood Opportunity Index 2.0: Factor Structure in 9-10 Year Olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- The cognitive consequences of fear of falling: assessing the mediating role of social engagement and physical activity.Innovation in aging · 2025Article
- Exploring the mediating factors linking adverse childhood experiences to traditional Chinese quality of life among older adults: a multi-factorial analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Cortical Surface Area Profile Mediates Effects of Childhood Disadvantage on Later-Life General Cognitive Ability.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Beyond the Gender Binarism: Neural Correlates of Trans Men in a Functional Connectivity-Resting-State fMRI Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The Association of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status with Executive Function and Processing Speed in Cognitively Normal Mexican American Elders from the Health and Aging Brains Study: Health Disparities Cohort.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders · 2024Article
- Childhood Disadvantage Moderates Late Midlife Default Mode Network Cortical Microstructure and Visual Memory Association.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- Childhood and Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Cognitive Function in the Adult Population of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Effects of early-life environment and adulthood SES on cognitive change in a multiethnic cohort.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2023Article
- Direct Effect of Life-Course Socioeconomic Status on Late-Life Cognition and Cognitive Decline in the Rush Memory and Aging Project.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Pathways to Memory Performance in Mid to Late Adulthood: What Matters Most?The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
- Observational
- Using sibling models to unpack the relationship between education and cognitive functioning in later life.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Early Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive and Adaptive Outcomes at the Transition to Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Gray Matter Development Across Five Scan Waves.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesChildhood socioeconomic status (cSES) is found to predict later-life cognitive abilities, yet the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. The objective of this longitudinal study was to examine the direct and indirect paths through which cSES influences late midlife cognitive outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsParticipants were 1,009 male twins in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). At mean ages 20 and 62, participants completed a standardized test for general cognitive ability (GCA). The age 62 cognitive assessment also included in-person tests of processing speed, episodic memory, abstract reasoning, working memory, verbal fluency, visual-spatial ability, and executive functions. At mean age 56, participants were interviewed regarding their own and their parents' education and occupation, and completed questionnaires about cognitive leisure activities and sociodemographic information. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to examine the direct path effects and indirect path effects of cSES through age 20 GCA, adult SES, and cognitive leisure activities on seven cognitive outcomes at age 62, adjusting for age, ethnicity, and non-independence of observations.
resultsTotal (direct plus indirect) effects were significant for all measures with the exception of executive functions. Men from lower cSES backgrounds had poorer cognitive functioning in late midlife. The direct effect of cSES was partially mediated for abstract reasoning, and was fully mediated for the remaining six cognitive outcomes. Total indirect effects accounted for at least half of the total effects in each model, with paths through age 20 GCA explaining most of the total indirect effects. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: cSES predicted cognitive functioning in late middle age Using multiple mediation models, we show that lower cSES predicts poorer cognition in late midlife primarily through young adult cognitive ability and to a lesser extent through SES in adulthood and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.