ArticleBlood2019
GM-CSF inhibition reduces cytokine release syndrome and neuroinflammation but enhances CAR-T cell function in xenografts.
Article in Blood, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 401 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
401 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 604 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for solid tumors in pediatric patients: current breakthroughs, dilemmas, and strategies.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Characterization of CAR-T cell factors that contribute to myeloid cell activation.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- Redifferentiation-enabled TSHRCART cells overcome antigen loss in aggressive thyroid cancers.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, optimization strategies, and salvage options for CAR-T cell therapy.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- The lethal symbiont: exploring the pathophysiology of cancer.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- A Review of Recent Advances in Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Review
- Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After CAR-T Therapy Versus Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Late phase transfusion after CAR T therapy is associated with persistent hematotoxicity and non-relapse mortality in multiple myeloma: a post hoc analysis.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Emerging strategies to reduce the side effects of CAR-T cell therapy: focusing on gene editing and nanotechnology.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- The Conflicting Role of Myeloid Cells in CAR T-Cell Therapy.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Macrophage Extracellular Traps in Immunity and Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Enhancing persistence while managing cytokine release syndrome to embrace next-generation CAR-T cell therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Challenges and advances in CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Review
- Polymer-mRNA complexes for monocyte-trafficked, lymph node-targeted cancer vaccination.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Article
- Prognostic value of inflammation-based scores in patients with R/R LBCL treated with CD3×CD20 bispecific T-cell engagers.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Enhanced antitumoral activity of the academic CAR-T ARI0002h against normal and low BCMA-expressing myeloma cells after incorporating a transmembrane CD28 domain.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
341 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is a new pillar in cancer therapeutics; however, its application is limited by the associated toxicities. These include cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Although the IL-6R antagonist tocilizumab is approved for treatment of CRS, there is no approved treatment of neurotoxicity associated with CD19-targeted CAR-T (CART19) cell therapy. Recent data suggest that monocytes and macrophages contribute to the development of CRS and neurotoxicity after CAR-T cell therapy. Therefore, we investigated neutralizing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a potential strategy to manage CART19 cell-associated toxicities. In this study, we show that GM-CSF neutralization with lenzilumab does not inhibit CART19 cell function in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, CART19 cell proliferation was enhanced and durable control of leukemic disease was maintained better in patient-derived xenografts after GM-CSF neutralization with lenzilumab. In a patient acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenograft model of CRS and neuroinflammation (NI), GM-CSF neutralization resulted in a reduction of myeloid and T cell infiltration in the central nervous system and a significant reduction in NI and prevention of CRS. Finally, we generated GM-CSF-deficient CART19 cells through CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of GM-CSF during CAR-T cell manufacturing. These GM-CSF
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.