ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2019
Schizophrenia is Associated With an Aberrant Immune Response to Epstein-Barr Virus.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the Interplay of EBV, HSV-1, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Unravelling the Viral Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The role of maternal infections in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders: focus on the P2X7/NLRP3/IL-1β signalling pathway.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Involvement of virus infections and antiviral agents in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2025Review
- Viruses and psychiatric disorders: We have not crossed the borderline from hypothesis to proof yet (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Proteomic Biomarkers for the Prediction of Transition to Psychosis in Individuals at Clinical High Risk: A Multi-cohort Model Development Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- The Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Gamma-Band Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Viral infections in etiology of mental disorders: a broad analysis of cytokine profile similarities - a narrative review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- CDCA: Community detection in RNA-seq data using centrality-based approach.Journal of biosciences · 2024Article
- Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Counting the Toll of Inflammation on Schizophrenia-A Potential Role for Toll-like Receptors.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Review
- No Increased Detection of Nucleic Acids of CNS-related Viruses in the Brains of Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Cigarette smoking is associated with Herpesviruses in persons with and without serious mental illness.PloS one · 2023Article
- Therapeutic Implications of the Microbial Hypothesis of Mental Illness.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
- Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2022Article
- Antibody indices of infectious pathogens from serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Article
- Long-term outcomes of pediatric infections: from traditional infectious diseases to long Covid.Future microbiology · 2022Review
- Schizophrenia: a Narrative Review of Etiological and Diagnostic Issues.Consortium psychiatricum · 2022Review
- Challenges in Prescribing Clozapine in the Era of COVID-19: A Review Focused on Immunological Implications.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent human herpesvirus capable of infecting the central nervous system and establishing persistent infection.
methodsWe employed solid phase immunoassay techniques to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) class antibodies to EBV virions and defined proteins in 432 individuals with schizophrenia and 311 individuals without a history of a psychiatric disorder. Western blot testing was performed to document reactivity to specific EBV proteins. Polygenic risk for schizophrenia was calculated from genome sequencing arrays. Levels of antibodies between the groups were compared by multivariate analyses incorporating clinical, genetic, and demographic measures.
resultsIndividuals with schizophrenia had marked elevations in the levels of antibodies to EBV virions as compared to the control population. Further analyses indicated increased levels of reactivity to EBV-viral capsid antibody (VCA) but not to EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) or to other human herpesviruses. Western blot analysis confirmed increased reactivity to VCA proteins in the group of individuals with schizophrenia and documented a lack of increased levels of antibodies to EBNA-1. Genetic analyses indicated an additive effect of increased levels of antibodies to EBV virions and genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia, with individuals with elevated levels of both type of markers having a greater than 8.5-fold odds of a schizophrenia diagnosis.
conclusionsIndividuals with schizophrenia have increased levels of antibodies to some but not all EBV proteins indicating an aberrant response to EBV infection. This aberrant response may contribute to the immunopathology of schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Registered trials
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