Trial reportSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2019
The Biomechanics of Competitive Male Runners in Three Marathon Racing Shoes: A Randomized Crossover Study.
Trial report in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 188 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variability in Running Economy of Kenyan World-Class and European Amateur Male Runners with Advanced Footwear Running Technology: Experimental and Meta-analysis Results.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes.Journal of sport and health science · 2022Trial
- Running barefoot leads to lower running stability compared to shod running - results from a randomized controlled study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Exploring Factors to Explain Interindividual Responses to Running Economy in Advanced Footwear Technology Shoes: A Randomised Crossover Laboratory Trial with an Explanatory Predictor Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- The running economy and biomechanics of competitive distance runners wearing advanced footwear technology spikes.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Economy benefits of running in advanced footwear technology shoes remain with plantarflexion fatigue.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Deformable foot orthoses shift the functional roles of foot and ankle joints during walking gait.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Biomechanical Factors Associated with Intraindividual Differences in Running Economy Across Advanced Footwear Technology Models in Long-Distance Runners.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Data driven shoe design improves running economy beyond state-of-the-art Advanced Footwear Technology running shoes.Journal of sport and health science · 2026Article
- Carbon plates in running shoes biomechanics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Article
- Toward a record-eligible sub-2-hour marathon: an updated integrative framework of Physiological, technological, and cognitive determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- The impact of advanced footwear technology on running performance and pacing in world marathon majors.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, Economy, and Performance of Advanced Footwear Technology in Endurance Running-A Review.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Deformation mechanisms in marathon running shoes elucidated by X-ray micro-computed tomography and digital volume correlation analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Is increasing the effective leg length of a human runner metabolically beneficial?The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Propulsion without penalty: greater soleus force with stiffer footwear does not necessarily increase estimated soleus metabolic cost across walking speeds.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- Quo vadis advanced footwear technology research?Journal of sport and health science · 2025Article
- Skeletal muscle elastic modulus in marathon distance runners.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- Technologically advanced running shoes reduce biomechanical factors of running related injury risk.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe have shown that a prototype marathon racing shoe reduced the metabolic cost of running for all 18 participants in our sample by an average of 4%, compared to two well-established racing shoes. Gross measures of biomechanics showed minor differences and could not explain the metabolic savings.
objectiveTo explain the metabolic savings by comparing the mechanics of the shoes, leg, and foot joints during the stance phase of running.
methodsTen male competitive runners, who habitually rearfoot strike ran three 5-min trials in prototype shoes (NP) and two established marathon shoes, the Nike Zoom Streak 6 (NS) and the adidas adizero Adios BOOST 2 (AB), at 16 km/h. We measured ground reaction forces and 3D kinematics of the lower limbs.
resultsHip and knee joint mechanics were similar between the shoes, but peak ankle extensor moment was smaller in NP versus AB shoes. Negative and positive work rates at the ankle were lower in NP shoes versus the other shoes. Dorsiflexion and negative work at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint were reduced in the NP shoes versus the other shoes. Substantial mechanical energy was stored/returned in compressing the NP midsole foam, but not in bending the carbon-fiber plate.
conclusionThe metabolic savings of the NP shoes appear to be due to: (1) superior energy storage in the midsole foam, (2) the clever lever effects of the carbon-fiber plate on the ankle joint mechanics, and (3) the stiffening effects of the plate on the MTP joint.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.