Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30460445›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of behavioral medicine2019

Needle and Syringe Programs and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Inject Drugs: A Multilevel Analysis of Two Cities in Iran.

Mehdi Noroozi, Alireza Noroozi, Hamid Sharifi, Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni, Brandon D L Marshall, Hesam Ghisvand, Mostafa Qorbani, Bahram Armoon

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of behavioral medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Non -fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mehdi NorooziSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Alireza NorooziDepartment of Neuroscience and Addiction, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hamid SharifiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Gholamreza Ghaedamini HarouniSocial Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Brandon D L MarshallDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
Hesam GhisvandSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mostafa QorbaniNon-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
Bahram ArmoonSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran. Bahramarmun@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5467-9889

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMany studies have found significant differences in HIV risk at the community and socioeconomic levels. However, few have considered variations in needle and syringe program (Jin et al., Oral Dis. 1;22(7):609-19) coverage and other community characteristics on HIV risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Our objective was to study the relationship between individual factors and city-level characteristics (such as the city's coverage of harm reduction programs) on HIV risk behavior among PWID residing in two cities in Iran.

methodsThe study was conducted from March to August 2016 in Tehran and Kermanshah provinces. One thousand PWID were recruited by a convenience sampling recruitment at local NSP Drop-in Centers (DIC) and through "snowball sampling" (i.e., using peers to refer participants to the study). We first examined associations between individual-level variables and HIV risk behaviors in bivariate analysis using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Next, multi-level models were constructed to determine the amount of variability in HIV risk behavior that could be accounted for by individual- and community-level characteristics. Variables with p value < 0.2 were included in the multiple logistic regression model.

resultsThe results of the multilevel modeling showed that 32% of the variability in HIV risk behaviors among PWID could be explained by factors that differed between the two cities. When individual factors including higher HIV knowledge, access to NSP, higher HIV risk perception, and methamphetamine use were all included in the final model, 22% of the variability in HIV risk behaviors could be explained to city-level variables.

conclusionFindings suggest that expanding the accessibility (i.e., hours and venues) and community-level coverage of NSP services by establishing programs where PWID congregate might reduce HIV risk behavior among PWID.

Indexed as

Harm ReductionNeedle-Exchange ProgramsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousAdultCitiesHIV InfectionsHumansIranMaleMultilevel AnalysisPerceptionRisk-TakingSyringesInjection drugsIranMultilevel analysisNeedle and syringe programsRisk behaviors

Identifiers

PMID30460445

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.