ArticleBMC veterinary research2018
Drug quality analysis of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride and diminazene diaceturate used for the treatment of African animal trypanosomosis in West Africa.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal observational (single cohort) study on the causes of trypanocide failure in cases of African animal trypanosomosis in cattle near wildlife protected areas of Northern Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Species richness and abundance of wild tsetse flies collected from selected human-wildlife-livestock interface in Tanzania.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2024Article
- Drug resistance in animal trypanosomiases: Epidemiology, mechanisms and control strategies.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2024Review
- Article
- Trypanocide usage in the cattle belt of southwestern Uganda.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The quality of veterinary medicines and their implications for One Health.BMJ global health · 2022Article
- Drug-resistant trypanosome isolates populations in dogs in Enugu North Senatorial Zone, Southeastern Nigeria.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Novel protein candidates for serodiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis: Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of lysophospholipase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Access to Veterinary Drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Roadblocks and Current Solutions.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa.PloS one · 2021Article
- An African Canine Trypanosomosis Case Import: Is There a Possibility of Creating a Secondary Focus ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Suspected resistance of Trypanosoma species to diminazene aceturate on a cattle farm in Nigeria.Tropical animal health and production · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography.
resultsThe results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d'Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028).
conclusionsThe high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.
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