ArticlePublic health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
The "No Wrong Door" Approach to HIV Testing: Results From a Statewide Retail Pharmacy-Based HIV Testing Program in Virginia, 2014-2016.
Article in Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Pharmacies in the HIV Prevention and Care Continuums: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- What Tools Do We Have to End the US HIV Epidemic? A Review of Structural, Biomedical and Implementation Interventions and Their Potential Population Impact.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Review
- Implementation and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Pharmacy-Based Hepatitis C and HIV Screening Program.Preventing chronic disease · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Point-of-Care Testing in Pharmacy to Inform Policy Writing by the New Brunswick College of Pharmacists.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- HIV Testing Strategies for Health Departments to End the Epidemic in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2021Review
- Cabenuva®: Differentiated service delivery and the community Pharmacists' roles in achieving UNAIDS 2030 target in Nigeria.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2021Article
- Sexual and reproductive health services provided by community pharmacists: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Pharmacist attitudes and provision of harm reduction services in North Carolina: an exploratory study.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Expanding access to HIV testing through Canadian community pharmacies: findings from the APPROACH study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Evolving the Care Team for Optimal Patient Management.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Assessing pharmacy workflow to enhance the integration of HIV prevention services.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
- Learning by Doing: Lessons From the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
- Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in the United States.Pharmacy practiceArticle
- Roles for Pharmacists in the "Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America" Initiative.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAs part of the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project (2012-2016), which aimed to reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups in 8 states, the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) funded Walgreens to provide HIV testing in retail pharmacies in areas with large racial/ethnic minority communities and high rates of poverty. We describe this program and summarize its outcomes. We hypothesized that (1) offering walk-in HIV testing outside of traditional business hours and alongside other point-of-care tests in retail pharmacies would increase rates of first-time testers and (2) using data on social determinants of health associated with higher rates of HIV infection to locate test sites would increase the identification of people who were previously undiagnosed.
methodsUsing 2010 US Census data and 2007-2011 five-year population estimates from the American Community Survey, VDH selected 32 Walgreens stores located in census tracts where at least 30% of the population was black and/or Hispanic/Latino and/or where at least 20% of the population was living at or below the federal poverty level. Pharmacists administered the INSTI HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Antibody Test. Clients with a reactive test result were linked to confirmatory testing and medical care.
resultsBetween June 1, 2014, and September 29, 2016, Walgreens pharmacists performed HIV tests on 3630 clients, of whom 1668 (46.0%) had either never been tested or were unsure if they had been tested. Of all clients tested, 30 (0.8%) had a reactive test result. Of 26 clients who also had positive confirmatory testing, 22 (84.6%) were linked to care. The mean cost per person tested was $41.79, and the mean cost per reactive result was $5057.
conclusionsRetail pharmacies may be an effective venue for those who have never been tested for HIV to access HIV testing, particularly if the pharmacies are located in priority areas or where community-based organizations are unable to operate.
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