ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 272 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Sex and prior exposure jointly shape innate immune responses to a live herpesvirus vaccine.eLife · 2023Trial
- Sex-Biased Immunity: The Hidden Variable in Immuno-oncology.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrinsic and microbiota-associated sex differences in murine lung.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in hepatitis A virus infection in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Pre-vaccine sentinel antibodies predict blunted vaccine responses.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Germinal center-independent memory B cells provide rapid protection from lethal influenza challenges.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the layers of epigenetic control in respiratory antiviral defense.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Developmental exposure to a PFAS mixture impairs the anamnestic response to influenza A virus infection in mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections in adolescents and young adults: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Dose-dependent effects of camel milk on immune function and metabolic health in weaning rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparative evaluation of 5 combination adjuvants on immunogenicity and efficacy of approved seasonal influenza vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Commensal Microbes Amplify Sex-Specific Immune Programming in the Murine Lung.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sulfur-containing class of broad-spectrum antivirals improves influenza virus vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity in mice immunized with integrase-defective lentiviral vector delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune cells: mechanistic perspectives and clinical correlates in physiology and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Biological sex affects adaptive immune responses, which could impact influenza infection and vaccine efficacy. Infection of mice with 2009 H1N1 induced antibody responses, CD4
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.