ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2018
Innate Immune Response of Primary Human Keratinocytes to West Nile Virus Infection and Its Modulation by Mosquito Saliva.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple orthoflaviviruses secrete sfRNA in mosquito saliva to promote transmission by inhibiting MDA5-mediated early interferon response.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- Progress in research on mosquito-borne viruses: Understanding infection, transmission, and control.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Review
- Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract enhances Zika virus replication through immune modulation.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Mosquito Salivary Proteins: New Frontiers in Disease Transmission and Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Skin tropism during Usutu virus and West Nile virus infection: an amplifying and immunological role.Journal of virology · 2024Article
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- Article
- The significance of mosquito saliva in arbovirus transmission and pathogenesis in the vertebrate host.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection.Viruses · 2023Review
- Screening of Circulation of Usutu and West Nile Viruses: A One Health Approach in Humans, Domestic Animals and Mosquitoes in Burkina Faso, West Africa.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Antiviral Effect of hBD-3 and LL-37 during Human Primary Keratinocyte Infection with West Nile Virus.Viruses · 2022Article
- A Human Skin Model for Assessing Arboviral Infections.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2022Article
- Mosquito saliva enhances virus infection through sialokinin-dependent vascular leakage.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- One Health surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses: a repeated cross-sectional study exploring seroprevalence and endemicity in Southern France, 2016 to 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2022Article
- The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Multiple Salivary Proteins fromViruses · 2022Article
- Expression Patterns of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Its Gene Variants (MIF-173 G˃C) in Verruca Vulgaris.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a flavivirus involved in many human infections worldwide. This arthropod-borne virus is directly co-inoculated with mosquito saliva through the epidermis and the dermis during blood meal. WNV starts replicating in the skin before migrating to the draining lymph node, leading to widespread viremia and in some cases to neurological symptoms. Skin is a complex organ composed of different cell types that together perform essential functions such as pathogen sensing, barrier maintenance and immunity. Keratinocytes, which represent 90% of the cells of the epidermis, are the organism's first line of defense, initiating innate immune response by recognizing pathogens through their pattern recognition receptors. Although WNV was previously known to replicate in human primary keratinocytes, the induced inflammatory response remains unknown. The aim of this study was first to characterize the inflammatory response of human primary keratinocytes to WNV infection and then, to assess the potential role of co-inoculated mosquito saliva on the keratinocyte immune response and viral replication. A type I and III interferon inflammatory response associated with an increase of IRF7 but not IRF3 mRNA expression, and dependent on infectious dose, was observed during keratinocyte infection with WNV. Expression of several interferon-stimulated gene mRNA was also increased at 24 h post-infection (p.i.); they included CXCL10 and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT)-2 sustained up until 48 h p.i. Moreover, WNV infection of keratinocyte resulted in a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) and various chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8 and CCL20) expression. The addition of
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