ArticleViruses2018
Safety Studies of Pneumococcal Endolysins Cpl-1 and Pal.
Article in Viruses, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inhalable bacteriophage endolysins: a novel therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant bacterial pulmonary infections - a comprehensive review.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Bacteriophage Lysins as Programmable Antimicrobials: Mechanisms, Engineering, and Translational Advances.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Human Gut Phageome Analysis Uncovers Thousands of Highly Modular Endolysins.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Designing the Next Generation of Endolysins: A Triple Strategy Integrating Bioinformatics Mining, Engineering Modification and Encapsulation Formulation.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Physicochemical and Proteolytic Barriers Limiting Activity of Cpl-1 and Pal Endolysins in Human Circulation.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Clinical implementation of endolysins targeting gram-positive bacteria points toward a combination strategy with standard-of-care antibiotics: a selective review.European journal of medical research · 2026Review
- Avian PathogenicVeterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Phage and Endolysin Therapy Against Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria: From Bench to Bedside.MedComm · 2025Review
- Bacteriophage-derived endolysins restore antibiotic susceptibility in β-lactam- and macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Re-Emergence of Bacteriophages and Their Products as Antibacterial Agents: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Deep eutectic solvent enhances antibacterial activity of a modular lytic enzyme against Acinetobacter baumannii.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- "Tear down that wall"-a critical evaluation of bioinformatic resources available for lysin researchers.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Review
- Synthetic mRNA delivered to human cells leads to expression of Cpl-1 bacteriophage-endolysin with activity againstMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Article
- Metagenomic analysis of hot spring soil for mining a novel thermostable enzybiotic.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- The applications of animal models in phage therapy: An update.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Review
- Review
- A comprehensive review of the applications of bacteriophage-derived endolysins for foodborne bacterial pathogens and food safety: recent advances, challenges, and future perspective.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Design of respirable sprayed microparticles of encapsulated bacteriophages.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2023Review
- Immunogenic epitope scanning in bacteriolytic enzymes Pal and Cpl-1 and engineering Pal to escape antibody responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteriophage-derived endolysins have gained increasing attention as potent antimicrobial agents and numerous publications document the in vivo efficacy of these enzymes in various rodent models. However, little has been documented about their safety and toxicity profiles. Here, we present preclinical safety and toxicity data for two pneumococcal endolysins, Pal and Cpl-1. Microarray, and gene profiling was performed on human macrophages and pharyngeal cells exposed to 0.5 µM of each endolysin for six hours and no change in gene expression was noted. Likewise, in mice injected with 15 mg/kg of each endolysin, no physical or behavioral changes were noted, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels remained constant, and there were no significant changes in the fecal microbiome. Neither endolysin caused complement activation via the classic pathway, the alternative pathway, or the mannose-binding lectin pathway. In cellular response assays, IgG levels in mice exposed to Pal or Cpl-1 gradually increased for the first 30 days post exposure, but IgE levels never rose above baseline, suggesting that hypersensitivity or allergic reaction is unlikely. Collectively, the safety and toxicity profiles of Pal and Cpl-1 support further preclinical studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.