ArticleMacromolecular bioscience2019
Injectable Biodegradable Chitosan-Alginate 3D Porous Gel Scaffold for mRNA Vaccine Delivery.
Article in Macromolecular bioscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering Metal-Organic Framework-Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels for Therapeutic Delivery.ACS materials Au · 2026Article
- Chitosan as a Vaccine Adjuvant: From Material Determinants to Innate Immune Activation and Formulation Optimization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Chitosan-Based Nanogels in Modern Drug Delivery: Focus on Protein and Gene Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Beginning of a new era of synthetic messenger RNA therapeutics: Comprehensive insights on mRNA drug design, development and applications.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Beyond Needles: Immunomodulatory Hydrogel-Guided Vaccine Delivery Systems.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Nanoparticle Targeting Strategies for Lipid and Polymer-Based Gene Delivery to Immune Cells In Vivo.Small science · 2024Article
- Alginate-Chitosan Biodegradable and Biocompatible Based Hydrogel for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review.ACS applied bio materials · 2024Review
- A novel microporous biomaterial vaccine platform for long-lasting antibody mediated immunity against viral infection.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Transitional Insight into the RNA-Based Oligonucleotides in Cancer Treatment.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Improved Humoral Immunity and Protection against Influenza Virus Infection with a 3d Porous Biomaterial Vaccine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- mRNA vaccine in cancer therapy: Current advance and future outlook.Clinical and translational medicine · 2023Review
- Topological Optimisation Structure Design for Personalisation of Hydrogel Controlled Drug Delivery System.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Review of mRNA Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Matrices Activated with Messenger RNA.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2023Review
- Emerging Progress of RNA-Based Antitumor Therapeutics.International journal of biological sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- In vivo fate and intracellular trafficking of vaccine delivery systems.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2022Review
- mRNA vaccines: Past, present, future.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2022Review
- Nanocarrier-hydrogel composite delivery systems for precision drug release.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have proven to be more stable, effective, and specific than protein/peptide-based vaccines in stimulating both humoral and cellular immune response. However, mRNA's fast degradation rate and low-transfection efficiency in vivo impede its potential in vaccination. Recent research in gene delivery has focused on nonviral vaccine carriers and either implantable or injectable delivery systems to improve transgene expression in vivo. Here, an injectable chitosan-alginate gel scaffold for the local delivery of mRNA vaccines is reported. Gel scaffold biodegradation rates and biocompatibility are quantified. Scaffold-mediated mRNA in vivo transgene expression as well as ovalbumin antigen specific cellular and humoral immune responses are evaluated in vivo. Luciferase reporter protein expression resulting from mRNA lipoplex-loaded gel scaffolds is five times higher than systemic injection. Compared to systemic injections of naked mRNA or mRNA:lipoplexes, elevated levels of T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion are seen with in vivo scaffold-mediated mRNA lipoplex delivery. Furthermore, a humoral response (ovalbumin antigen specific IgG levels) is observed as early as week 1 for scaffold-mediated mRNA lipoplex delivery, while protein-based immunization did not elicit IgG production until 2 weeks post-injection. Results suggest that injectable scaffold mRNA vaccine delivery maybe a viable alternative to traditional nucleic acid immunization methods.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.