ArticleBMC infectious diseases2018
Immunohistochemical characterization of the M4 macrophage population in leprosy skin lesions.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Epigenetic programming of macrophages across inflammatory and malignant diseases.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Proteomic and morphologic characterization of ovine macrophage differentiation and polarization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Macrophages and Pulmonary Fibrosis.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- CXCL4 deficiency limits M4 macrophage infiltration and attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Macrophages, Metabolism, Mitochondria, Circadian Rhythmicity and the Pathogen: The Multidimensional Nature of Tuberculosis.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Xenophagy as a Strategy forPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Visualizing Macrophage Phenotypes and Polarization in Diseases: From Biomarkers to Molecular Probes.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Immunohistochemical Characterization of M1, M2, and M4 Macrophages in Leprosy Skin Lesions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Label-free macrophage phenotype classification using machine learning methods.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A role for platelets in metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2022Review
- The promising roles of macrophages in geriatric hip fracture.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- The Gene Expression Deconvolution Interactive Tool (GEDIT): accurate cell type quantification from gene expression data.GigaScience · 2021Article
- Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Progress of the Art of Macrophage Polarization and Different Subtypes in Mycobacterial Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Macrophage Proinflammatory Responses to Microorganisms and Transplanted Organs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens.Pathogens and disease · 2020Review
- Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince macrophages are one of the major cell types involved in the Mycobacterium leprae immune response, roles of the M1 and M2 macrophage subpopulations have been well defined. However, the role of M4 macrophages in leprosy or other infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria has not yet been clearly characterized. This study aimed to investigate the presence and potential role of M4 macrophages in the immunopathology of leprosy.
methodsWe analyzed the presence of M4 macrophage markers (CD68, MRP8, MMP7, IL-6, and TNF-α) in 33 leprosy skin lesion samples from 18 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 15 with lepromatous leprosy by immunohistochemistry.
resultsThe M4 phenotype was more strongly expressed in patients with the lepromatous form of the disease, indicating that this subpopulation is less effective in the elimination of the bacillus and consequently is associated with the evolution to one of the multibacillary clinical forms of infection.
conclusionM4 macrophages are one of the cell types involved in the microbial response to M. leprae and probably are less effective in controlling bacillus replication, contributing to the evolution to the lepromatous form of the disease.
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Registered trials
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