ArticlePloS one2018
Sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- and high-intensity training for classical cross-country skiing.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Running Assessed Maximal Oxygen Uptake Increases with Participant Classification Framework Tier in Overall Cross-Country Skiing Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-regressions.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Trial
- Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Review
- Sex differences in speed and sub-technique selection in elite sprint cross-country skiers: a time-trial qualification analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Biomechanical Analysis of an Elite Para Standing Cross-Country Skier Using Lower Limb Prostheses: A Case Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effect of Class, Sex, and Final Rank on the Time Distribution Across Terrains During Para Cross-Country Skiing Races.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Duration-dependent physiological, perceptual, and technical changes during a 2-hour low-intensity training session in female cross-country skiers.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Performance and Performance-Determining Factors in the Olympic Winter Endurance Sports.Sports medicine - open · 2024Review
- The role of external power demand on the choice of technique in classic cross-country skiing.PloS one · 2023Article
- Analysis of a Skating Time-Trial Competition and Associated Performance-Determinants in Cross-Country Skiers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- In Pursuit of a Comprehensive Understanding of Expertise Development: A Comparison between Paths to World-Class Performance in Complex Technical vs. Endurance Demanding Sports.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers.Journal of human kinetics · 2022Article
- A Comparison of Double Poling Physiology and Kinematics Between Long-Distance and All-Round Cross-Country Skiers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Race development and performance-determining factors in a mass-start cross-country skiing competition.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- The influence of race tactics for performance in the heats of an international sprint cross-country skiing competition.PloS one · 2022Article
- Effect of sub-technique transitions on energy expenditure and physiological load in the classical-style technique among elite male cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Framework for In-Field Analyses of Performance and Sub-Technique Selection in Standing Para Cross-Country Skiers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Cross-Country Skiing in Varying Terrain: Low- vs. High-Intensity.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- The Training Characteristics of World-Class Male Long-Distance Cross-Country Skiers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2021Article
- Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants of Sprint Ability Following Variable Intensity Exercise When Roller Ski Skating.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe investigated sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- (LIT) and high-intensity training (HIT) for classical cross-country (XC) skiing across varying terrain.
methodsSix male and six female elite XC skiers with an approximately 15% differences in VO2max (men: 68.9±2.9 mL·min-1·kg-1, women: 60.1±3.3 mL·min-1·kg-1) were monitored using a multi-sensor system to collect time-synchronised data of heart rate, speed, and multiple tri-axial inertial measurements units while XC skiing on a 5-km competition track.
resultsMen skied 21% faster than women during HIT (5.9±0.3 m·s-1 vs. 4.9±0.2 m·s-1, P < .001), with the greatest difference (26%) while skiing on flat terrain, whereas skiing speed did not significantly differ between men and women during LIT. At similar instructed intensity and rating of perceived effort, women exhibited significantly higher relative heart rate (85±2% vs. 71±3% of maximum) and blood lactate levels (4.0±1.3 vs. 1.2±0.2 mmol/L) during LIT (all P < .001) than men, whereas physiological responses did generally not differ between the sexes during HIT. During both intensities and among both sexes, double poling (DP) was the sub-technique most used relative to distance, followed by miscellaneous sub-techniques (MISC), diagonal stride (DIA), kick double poling (DK) and herringbone (HRB). In relation to distance women used DIA more than men during LIT (22% vs. 17%, P = .009) and HIT (23% vs. 12%, P = .001), whereas men used MISC, including tucking and turning, more than women during LIT (39% vs. 25%, P = .017) and HIT (41% vs. 30%, P = .064). In particular, men used DP more than women while skiing the uphill sections during both LIT (24% vs. 11%, P = .015) and HIT (39% vs. 13%, P = .002).
conclusionsOur findings provide novel insights into sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during LIT and HIT for classical skiing.
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