ArticleBrain sciences2018
The Multiple Hit Hypothesis for Gulf War Illness: Self-Reported Chemical/Biological Weapons Exposure and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
Article in Brain sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Traumatic brain injury, environmental exposures, and subjective cognition in post-9/11 veterans enrolled in the VA Million Veteran Program.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2025Article
- Crisis in the gut: navigating gastrointestinal challenges in Gulf War Illness with bioengineering.Military Medical Research · 2024Review
- Cognitive decrements in 1991 Gulf War veterans: associations with Gulf War illness and neurotoxicant exposures in the Boston Biorepository, Recruitment, and Integrative Network (BBRAIN) cohorts.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
- Cognitive and Cellular Effects of Combined Organophosphate Toxicity and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: Role of the gut microbiome in Gulf War Illness.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Low glutamate diet improves working memory and contributes to altering BOLD response and functional connectivity within working memory networks in Gulf War Illness.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Impact of gulf war toxic exposures after mild traumatic brain injury.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2022Article
- The impact of neurotoxicant exposures on posttraumatic stress disorder trajectories: The Ft. Devens Gulf War Veterans Cohort.Journal of traumatic stress · 2022Article
- Health symptom trajectories and neurotoxicant exposures in Gulf War veterans: the Ft. Devens cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Pyridostigmine bromide, chlorpyrifos, and DEET combined Gulf War exposure insult depresses mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2021Article
- Gene-Toxicant Interactions in Gulf War Illness: Differential Effects of theBrain sciences · 2021Article
- The β-adrenergic receptor blocker and anti-inflammatory drug propranolol mitigates brain cytokine expression in a long-term model of Gulf War Illness.Life sciences · 2021Article
- Boston biorepository, recruitment and integrative network (BBRAIN): A resource for the Gulf War Illness scientific community.Life sciences · 2021Article
- Associations of Immune Genetic Variability with Gulf War Illness in 1990-1991 Gulf War Veterans from the Gulf War Illness Consortium (GWIC) Multisite Case-Control Study.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Elevated somatic mutation and evidence of genomic instability in veterans with Gulf War illness.Life sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Modeling Neuroimmune Interactions in Human Subjects and Animal Models to Predict Subtype-Specific Multidrug Treatments for Gulf War Illness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Gulf War illness in the Gulf War Era Cohort and Biorepository: The Kansas and Centers for Disease Control definitions.Life sciences · 2021Article
- Andrographolide Attenuates Gut-Brain-Axis Associated Pathology in Gulf War Illness by Modulating Bacteriome-Virome Associated Inflammation and Microglia-Neuron Proinflammatory Crosstalk.Brain sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Gulf War Illness Consortium (GWIC) was designed to identify objective biomarkers of Gulf War Illness (GWI) in 1991 Gulf War veterans. The symptoms of GWI include fatigue, pain, cognitive problems, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin problems. Neurotoxicant exposures during deployment, such as pesticides, sarin, and pyridostigmine bromide pills have been identified as contributors to GWI. We have also found an association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and increased rates of GWI. However, the combined impact of these physical and chemical exposures has not yet been explored in GWI. The objective of this study was to examine both self-reported mTBI and exposure to chemical/biological weapons (CBW) as a multiple or two hit model for increased risk of GWI and other chronic health conditions. The study population included 125 Gulf War (GW) veterans from the Boston GWIC. Exposure to CBW was reported in 47.2% of the study population, and 35.2% reported sustaining a mTBI during the war. Results confirmed that those with both exposures (mTBI and CBW) had higher rates of comorbid chronic health conditions while rates of GWI were equivalent for mTBI and CBW or mTBI alone. The timing of exposure to mTBI was found to be strikingly different between those with GWI and those without it. Correspondingly, 42.3% of GWI cases reported experiencing a mTBI during military service while none of the controls did (
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