ArticleInternational journal of language & communication disorders2019
Reconceptualizing developmental language disorder as a spectrum disorder: issues and evidence.
Article in International journal of language & communication disorders, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Direct Instruction Improves Word Learning for Children With Developmental Language Disorder.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2022Trial
- Interactive Effects of Executive Function and Language Ability on Children's Cross-Situational Word Learning.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Re-Evaluating the Role of Statistical Learning: Domain-General Predictors of Language in Typical and Atypical Development.Cognitive science · 2026Article
- Examining Relationships Between Caregiver Concerns and Family and Child Characteristics in Kindergarten Children at Risk for Language and Literacy Disorders.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2026Article
- Bilingual Children's Grammatical Productivity From Spontaneous Language Samples in English and Spanish.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2026Article
- Analyzing state dyslexia legislation through the lens of oral language: an exploratory study.Annals of dyslexia · 2026Article
- Multimodal AI Screening of Developmental Language Disorder in Tunisian Arabic Children: Clinical Markers and Computational Detection.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Communication across autism, ADHD, and non-clinical groups: examining autistic and ADHD traits from a dimensional perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Developmental Language Disorder as a Multidimensional Neurodevelopmental Spectrum: Implications for Diagnosis.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2025Review
- Caregiver Perceptions of an Asynchronous Video-Based Training on Developmental Language Disorder: A Mixed-Methods Study.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2025Article
- A Comparison of Developmental Profiles of Preschool Children with Down Syndrome, Global Developmental Delay, and Developmental Language Disorder.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Using Predictive Performance from an Elastic Net Regression to Classify Developmental Language Disorder (DLD).Annals of otolaryngology and rhinology · 2025Article
- Low-Level Auditory Processing Correlates With Language Abilities: An ERP Study Investigating Sequence Learning and Auditory Processing in School-Aged Children.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Bridging the Divide: Brain and Behavior in Developmental Language Disorder.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Longitudinal Examination of Morphosyntactic Skills in Bilingual Children: Spanish and English Standardized Scores.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2023Article
- Abilities and Disabilities Among Children With Developmental Language Disorder.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2023Article
- Speech/Language Impairment or Specific Learning Disability? Examining the Usage of Educational Categories.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2023Article
- Article
- Explicit Instructions Do Not Enhance Auditory Statistical Learning in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Measuring Theory of Mind in Adolescents With Language and Communication Problems: An Ecological Perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is considerable variability in the presentation of developmental language disorder (DLD). Disagreement amongst professionals about how to characterize and interpret the variability complicates both the research on understanding the nature of DLD and the best clinical framework for diagnosing and treating children with DLD. We describe and statistically examine three primary possible models for characterizing the variability in presentation in DLD: predictable subtypes; individual differences; and continuum/spectrum.
aimsTo test these three models of DLD in a population-based sample using two distinct types of cluster analyses. METHODS & PROCEDURES: This study included children with DLD (n = 505) from the US Epidemiological Study of Language Impairment database. All available language and cognitive measures were included. Two cluster methods were used: Ward's method and K-means. Optimal cluster sizes were selected using Bayesian information criteria (BIC). Bootstrapping and permutation methods were used to evaluate randomness of clustering. OUTCOMES &
resultsBoth clustering analyses yielded more than 10 clusters, and the clusters did not have spatial distinction: many of these clusters were not clinically interpretable. However, tests of random clustering revealed that the cluster solutions obtained did not arise from random aggregation. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Non-random clustering coupled with a large number of non-interpretable subtypes provides empirical support for the continuum/spectrum and individual differences models. Although there was substantial support for the continuum/spectrum model and weaker support for the individual differences model, additional research testing these models should be completed. Based on these results, clinicians working with children with DLD should focus on creating treatment plans that address the severity of functioning rather than seeking to identify and treat distinct subtypes. Additional consideration should be given to reconceptualizing DLD as a spectrum condition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.