Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30426166›Full record

Trial reportDiabetologia2019

Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial.

Mladen Savikj, Brendan M Gabriel, Petter S Alm, Jonathon Smith, Kenneth Caidahl, Marie Björnholm, Tomas Fritz, Anna Krook, Juleen R Zierath, Harriet Wallberg-Henriksson

4 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Diabetologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 143 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
143citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
20.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04427488 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Exercises Performed According to Circadian Rhythm in Type 2 Diabetes

TypeinterventionalSponsorIstanbul Medipol University HospitalRan2020 to 2021Enrolled30ConditionsType 2 DiabetesArmsMorning Chronotype group, Evening Chronotype group
NCT05987748 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

The Clock Thickens: Morning or Evening Training for the Treatment of NAFLD? (TikTac Study)

TypeinterventionalSponsorLeiden University Medical CenterRan2023 to 2024Enrolled40ConditionsNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseaseArmsExercise training
NCT06659848 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

the Effect of Fasted Versus Post-meal HIIT on Glycemic Control in Men With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

TypeinterventionalSponsorPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityRan2024 to 2024Enrolled123ConditionsType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)Armshigh intensity interval training
NCT07389005 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Timed Exercise in Prediabetes With Extreme Chronotype

TypeinterventionalSponsorGerman Diabetes CenterRan2026 to 2028Enrolled28ConditionsPrediabetes, Overweight , ObesityArmsTiming of exercise, Control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

143 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 264 citations in OpenAlex.

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  5. Time-Dependent Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
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  6. Timing of physical activity within the 24-hour day and its influence on health: a systematic review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2022
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83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Mladen SavikjDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Brendan M GabrielDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Petter S AlmDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jonathon SmithDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kenneth CaidahlDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Marie BjörnholmDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Tomas FritzDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Anna KrookDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Juleen R ZierathDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
Harriet Wallberg-HenrikssonDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Biomedicum (C4), 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. Harriet.Wallberg@ki.se.
Karolinska Institutet · SEUniversity of Copenhagen · DKUniversity of Oslo · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisExercise is recommended for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, the most effective time of day to achieve beneficial effects on health remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether exercise training at two distinct times of day would have differing effects on 24 h blood glucose levels in men with type 2 diabetes.

methodsEleven men with type 2 diabetes underwent a randomised crossover trial. Inclusion criteria were 45-68 years of age and BMI between 23 and 33 kg/m

resultsMorning HIIT increased CGM-based glucose concentration (6.9 ± 0.4 mmol/l; mean ± SEM for the exercise days during week 1) compared with either the pre-training period (6.4 ± 0.3 mmol/l) or afternoon HIIT (6.2 ± 0.3 mmol/l for the exercise days during week 1). Conversely, afternoon HIIT reduced the CGM-based glucose concentration compared with either the pre-training period or morning HIIT. Afternoon HIIT was associated with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; 1.9 ± 0.2 mU/l) and reduced T CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationAfternoon HIIT was more efficacious than morning HIIT at improving blood glucose in men with type 2 diabetes. Strikingly, morning HIIT had an acute, deleterious effect, increasing blood glucose. However, studies of longer training regimens are warranted to establish the persistence of this adverse effect. Our data highlight the importance of optimising the timing of exercise when prescribing it as treatment for type 2 diabetes.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseCross-Over StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2ExerciseHumansMaleMiddle AgedTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseBlood glucose levelCircadian rhythmContinuous glucose monitoringExerciseHigh-intensity interval trainingType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID30426166
PMCPMC6323076
OpenAlexW2901341108

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.