ArticleArchives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition2019
Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding supports growth in small for gestational age infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Pooled it
- Growth and safety evaluation in very low birth weight infants receiving an exclusive human milk diet: a phase III randomized control trial in Japan.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Beneficial Effects and Factors Associated With Provision of Breast Milk at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge to Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Does Breastfeeding Small for Gestational Age Neonates Promote a Healthier Growth Pattern? A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Differences in catch-up growth and its relationship to nutritional status between SGA and AGA twins and singletons in the first year after birth: a prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influence in Z-Scores for infant physical growth.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- The Association of Accelerated Early Growth, Timing of Puberty, and Metabolic Consequences in Children.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Review
- Classification and Special Nutritional Needs of SGA Infants and Neonates of Multiple Pregnancies.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Effects of human milk on body composition and growth in very low birthweight infants.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Growth patterns of preterm infants in Korea.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- The Impact of Homogenization on Donor Human Milk and Human Milk-Based Fortifiers and Implications for Preterm Infant Health.Current developments in nutrition · 2022Article
- Impact of size at birth and postnatal growth on metabolic and neurocognitive outcomes in prematurely born school-age children.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Growth, Body Composition, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years Among Preterm Infants Fed an Exclusive Human Milk Diet in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2020Article
- Human Milk Feeding and Preterm Infants' Growth and Body Composition: A Literature Review.Nutrients · 2020Review
- The Maternal-Fetal Interface in Small-for-Gestational-Age Pregnancies Is Associated With a Reduced Quantity of Human Decidual NK Cells With Weaker Functional Ability.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
- Association of preterm birth with poor metabolic outcomes in schoolchildren.Jornal de pediatriaArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.
designPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12-15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18-22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
resultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs -0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.
conclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.
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