Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30424942›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2019

A bioassay-based protocol for chemical neutralization of human faecal wastes treated by physico-chemical disinfection processes: A case study on benzalkonium chloride.

Emanuele Sozzi, Mahnoor Baloch, Joseph Strasser, Michael B Fisher, Mats Leifels, Juan Camacho, Nadia Mishal, Sam F Elmes, Grace Allen, Gregory Gadai and 2 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 37% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Emanuele SozziGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: emanuele.sozzi@unc.edu.
Mahnoor BalochGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Joseph StrasserGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Michael B FisherGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Mats LeifelsGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Juan CamachoGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Nadia MishalGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Sam F ElmesGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Grace AllenGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Gregory GadaiGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Lexi ValentiGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Mark D SobseyGillings School of Global Public Health, Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In situ physico-chemical disinfection of high risk faecal waste is both effective and widely used as a sanitation management strategy for infection prevention and control. Systematic tests where the performance of alternative physico-chemical disinfection methods is systematically compared and optimized must be based on reliable protocols. These protocol are currently not adequately addressing the neutralization related issues: the neutralization of the tested disinfectant after specified conditions of concentration and contact time (CT) is necessary to prevent continued disinfection after the intended contact time; moreover such neutralization is often necessary in practice and on a large scale to prevent adverse health and ecological impacts from remaining disinfectant after the target CT is achieved. Few studies adequately assess the extent of neutralization of the chemical disinfectant and are intended to optimize on-site disinfection practices for waste matrices posing high microbial risks. Hence, there is a need for effective and reproducible neutralization protocols in chemical disinfection trials and practice. Furthermore, for most of chemical disinfectants used in healthcare settings there is no practical methodology to reliably and conveniently measure the residual disinfectant concentration after its neutralization and also determine the optimum concentration of the neutralizer. Because some neutralizing compounds can themselves be toxic to the test microorganisms, it is necessary to optimize neutralization procedures in disinfection experiments for the development of infection control practices using accepted positive control microbes. In the presented work, a stepwise bioassay-based protocol using representative faecal indicator microbes is described for optimizing chemical disinfection and subsequent disinfectant neutralization of any infectious faecal waste matrix. The example described is for the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride and its recommended chemical neutralizer in a high strength human faecal waste matrix.

Indexed as

Bacteriophage phi 6Benzalkonium CompoundsBiological AssayDisinfectantsDisinfectionEscherichia coliFecesHumansLecithinsPolysorbatesPseudomonas syringaeWaste Disposal, FluidBenzalkonium CompoundsDisinfectantsLecithinsPolysorbatesBenzalkonium chlorideBiocideChemical disinfectionChemical neutralizationChlorineCholeraDisaster medicineEbolaFaecal wasteHealthcare associated infectionsInfectious hepatitisMicrobial bioassay

Identifiers

PMID30424942
PMCPMC7172796
OpenAlexW2899939589

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.