ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2018
Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 515 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Edge-Grafted Polyarginine Functionalization of Graphene Nanocarriers Maintains Noncovalent Aromatic Drug Loading.Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society · 2026Article
- [Research progress of electroactivity graphene-based materials in bone repair].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Review
- In vitro toxicity assessment of graphene quantum dots using a 3D HepG2 model.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Scalable AC Electrospinning of Biocompatible Nanofibrous Yarns Based on Expanded Graphite and PEDOT:PSS.Polymers · 2026Article
- Graphene Nanoplatelets Suppress Foam Cell Formation and Atherogenic Inflammation in Macrophages.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2026Article
- 3D Bioprinted Natural Hydrogels: Rheological Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Printability Assessment of a Polysaccharide-Based Bioink.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Effects of graphene oxide incorporationRSC advances · 2026Article
- Graphene oxide-modified PEEK composites: Properties and applications in orthopaedic repair - A review.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Toxic or non-toxic: a critical assessment of the contradictory results for selected graphene family materials.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Laser-Induced Graphene Interfaces with Controlled Electrical Conductivity, Topography and Wettability for Biomedical Applications.ACS applied nano materials · 2025Article
- Characterization of Eco-Friendly Fabricated and Induction-Sintered Hydroxyapatite-Based Hybrid Composites.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A study on drug delivery and release kinetics of polyethylene glycol-functionalized few-layer graphene (FLG) incorporated into a gelatin-chitosan bio-composite film.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Article
- Biomimetic Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: From Design Strategies to Next-Generation Biosensing and Theranostic Applications.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Review
- Bidirectional mechanisms and emerging strategies for implantable bioelectronic interfaces.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- N-Doped Graphene for Biomedical Applications: A Comparative Biocompatibility Assessment of Green and Chemical Exfoliation.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Enabling 3D electrical stimulation of adipose-derived decellularized extracellular matrix and reduced graphene oxide scaffoldsRSC advances · 2025Article
- Rheological, Structural, and Biological Trade-Offs in Bioink Design for 3D Bioprinting.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide have been widely considered as promising candidates for industrial and biomedical applications due to their exceptionally high mechanical stiffness and strength, excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and good biocompatibility. In this article, we reviewed several techniques that are available for the synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials, and discussed the biocompatibility and toxicity of such nanomaterials upon exposure to mammalian cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Various synthesis strategies have been developed for their fabrication, generating graphene nanomaterials with different chemical and physical properties. As such, their interactions with cells and organs are altered accordingly. Conflicting results relating biocompatibility and cytotoxicity induced by graphene nanomaterials have been reported in the literature. In particular, graphene nanomaterials that are used for in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models may contain toxic chemical residuals, thereby interfering graphene-cell interactions and complicating interpretation of experimental results. Synthesized techniques, such as liquid phase exfoliation and wet chemical oxidation, often required toxic organic solvents, surfactants, strong acids, and oxidants for exfoliating graphite flakes. Those organic molecules and inorganic impurities that are retained in final graphene products can interact with biological cells and tissues, inducing toxicity or causing cell death eventually. The residual contaminants can cause a higher risk of graphene-induced toxicity in biological cells. This adverse effect may be partly responsible for the discrepancies between various studies in the literature.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.