ArticleJournal of studies on alcohol and drugs2018
Polysubstance Use by Stimulant Users: Health Outcomes Over Three Years.
Article in Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Facets of mindfulness are associated with inflammation biomarkers in a sample of sexual minority men with HIV.Psychology, health & medicine · 2025Trial
- Effects of Acute Exercise on Affect, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem in Poly-Substance Dependent Inpatients.European addiction research · 2023Trial
- Higher prevalence of non-fatal overdose with opioid and stimulant use compared to use of opioids alone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Questions on Medicines, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Interactions in the Finnish AddictionLink Online Service: A Descriptive Analysis.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2026Article
- Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants in Australia: Prevalence, Sociodemographic and Substance Use Correlates From the 2022-2023 National Drug Strategy Household Survey.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Associations between cannabis use, cannabis use motivations and past year polysubstance use among people living with HIV in Florida.AIDS care · 2026Article
- The role of polysubstance use in the development, maintenance, and treatment of stimulant use disorders.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023-2024.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Patterns of polysubstance use disorder among human trafficking survivors: A latent class analysis.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Violence Exposure Relates Differently to Blood Pressure and Emotional Health as a Function of Cannabis Use Among Street-Identified Black Americans.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Article
- Polysubstance use patterns among individuals applying for opioid use disorder treatment in the U.S.Journal of substance use · 2025Article
- Association between chronic pain and substance use.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Hospitalized patients and stimulant use-associated heart failure: importance of ejection fraction and related risk factors.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Psychiatric Medication Treatment, Concurrent Substance Use, and Subsistence Difficulty Among People Who Inject Drugs with Diagnosed Mental Health Disorders in Los Angeles and Denver.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Opportunistic pathogens and polycocktail drugs fuel dynamic public health threats during the opioid crisis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Cannabis Use and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Immune Activation, and Microbial Translocation in Persons with HIV.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2024Article
- Concurrent and long-term effects of early pubertal timing on alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use from adolescence to adulthood.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2024Article
- Structural racism: a fundamental cause of drug overdose disparities.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- No Time to Wait: Leveraging Primary Care to Treat Stimulant Use Disorder.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Polysubstance Use and Related Risk Behaviors among People Who Inject Drugs in Kenya Preparing for Hepatitis C Virus Treatment.Viruses · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveStudies show that stimulant users have varied substance use patterns and that polysubstance use is associated with poorer past or concurrent medical, mental health, and substance use outcomes. This study examined outcomes of substance use patterns prospectively.
methodA latent class analysis was conducted to examine substance use patterns among adults using stimulants (n = 710; 38.6% women) at baseline, and the health and treatment utilization outcomes of different use patterns over the subsequent 3 years. To examine associations between latent class membership and outcomes, generalized estimating equation modeling was conducted.
resultsFour classes of substance use patterns at baseline were identified, involving high use of (a) methamphetamine and marijuana (23%); (b) crack cocaine and alcohol (25%); (c) powder cocaine, alcohol, and marijuana (23%); and (d) nonprescribed opioids, alcohol, marijuana, crack cocaine, and powder cocaine (i.e., polysubstance [29%]). Polysubstance class members had poorer physical health and mental health status, and more severe substance use, over the subsequent 3-year period, than other class members. Regarding treatment utilization, polysubstance class members had more medical care utilization than crack cocaine class members, and more substance use treatment utilization than powder cocaine class members. The methamphetamine, crack cocaine, and powder cocaine classes did not differ from each other on any health or treatment utilization outcome.
conclusionsPeople using stimulants commonly use other substances, and those whose polysubstance use includes nonprescribed opioids have especially poor health outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
30422794PMC6240007W2901364242What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.