Niosomes for enhanced activity of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni: in vivo and in vitro evaluation.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is recommended by the WHO as the first line in treatment of schistosomiasis. Unfortunately, it exhibits low oral bioavailability which can compromise its efficacy. Nanostructures showed promising potential to overcome this problem. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of niosomal encapsulation of PZQ on its activity on Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo. PZQ was encapsulated in niosomal formulation comprising span 60, cholesterol with peceol being included as absorption enhancer. The in vitro work determined the schistosomicidal activity and morphological changes after incubation with drug solution or PZQ-niosomes. The in vivo study utilized infected mice which received PZQ orally as solution or as niosomes. The activity was assessed by monitoring egg and worm count in addition to histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The in vitro studies revealed that niosomes alone caused a 30% death of adult parasites and caused completely coiled body, destruction, and peeling of tubercles and spines, with flattening and effacement of gynecophoric canal, blebbing with niosomes vesicles attached to it. Niosomes containing PZQ at a concentration of 0.001 μg/ml increased the death from 30 to 50% with the corresponding PZQ solution causing only 10% death. The in vivo study reflected of niosome-PZQ over PZQ solution as indicated from significant reduction of adult worm count, hepatic and intestinal egg depositions, hepatic granuloma size, and numbers, with marked reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. The study introduced niosomes as promising carriers for enhanced activity of PZQ.