ArticleJournal of neurology2019
Admission diagnoses of patients later diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic single-cell transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identifies novel biomarkers for autoimmune encephalitis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Effective Treatment of Anti-GAD65 Limbic Encephalitis-Associated Epilepsy Despite Delayed Immunotherapy: A Brief Report.Case reports in neurological medicine · 2026Article
- Towards an optimal diagnostic and prognostic model based on semi-quantitative assessment ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- An Unusual Case of GRIN2A Mutation Presenting as Progressive Limbic Encephalopathy in an Adult.Cureus · 2024Article
- Mimickers of autoimmune encephalitis: a literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Review
- Article
- Anti-LGI1 Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: An Easy-To-Miss Diagnosis.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Relevance of Antibody Testing in Movement Disorders.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Article
- Construction of an Assisted Model Based on Natural Language Processing for Automatic Early Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology and therapy · 2022Article
- Usefulness of brain FDG PET/CT imaging in pediatric patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis from a prospective study.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2022Observational
- Cortical and Subcortical Dysmetabolism Are Dynamic Markers of Clinical Disability and Course in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2022Article
- Advances in Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Autoimmune antibodies in first-episode psychosis with red flags: A hospital-based case-control study protocol.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis Resembling Dementia Syndromes.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Observational
- Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: A Review of Clinicoradiological Features and the Challenges of Diagnosis.Cureus · 2021Review
- Autoimmune Neurology: The Need for Comprehensive Care.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Review
- Are Antibody Panels Under-Utilized in Movement Disorders Diagnosis? Yes.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2021Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Late-Onset Seizures: When to Suspect and How to Treat.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince the detection of autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens, autoimmune encephalitis (AE) has been more frequently diagnosed, especially in patients with symptoms typical of limbic encephalitis, such as seizures, short-term memory deficits, or psychosis. However, the clinical spectrum of AE may be much wider, making correct clinical diagnosis difficult.
methodsWe retrospectively analysed symptoms and admission diagnoses at first clinical presentation in 50 AE patients. We included patients with a clinical diagnosis of AE for whom a FDG-PET imaging was available. Final diagnoses were re-evaluated by a blinded investigator according to the most recent consensus suggestions published in 2016 for AE diagnostic criteria. We additionally describe two patients with Morvan syndrome who showed CASPR2 antibodies.
resultsIn 40 patients (80.0%), the clinical presentation at first admission was typical for AE. Ten patients (20.0%) initially suffered from atypical symptoms; among these patients, isolated headache and cerebellar dysfunction were most frequent (three patients each). However, an initial diagnosis of suspected encephalitis was only reached in 16 patients (32.0%), nine (18.0) of which were suspected to have infectious encephalitis, and seven (14.0%) patients were suspected to have AE. In 34 patients (68.0%), a diagnosis other than encephalitis was considered, (e.g., epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, transient ischemic attack, dementia, meningitis, and cerebellitis).
conclusionsThese data show the broad spectrum of initial symptoms of AE; the correct initial diagnosis of AE is often missed or delayed. Hence, clinicians in neurological and psychiatric hospitals should consider AE in the differential diagnosis of cases with atypical clinical presentations.
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