SynthesisBritish journal of cancer2018
Assessment of proportional hazard assumption in aggregate data: a systematic review on statistical methodology in clinical trials using time-to-event endpoint.
Synthesis in British journal of cancer, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- IPDMA - RADICAL - NSCLC: individual participant data meta-analysis and systematic review of radical local therapy for oligometastatic NSCLC.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Tenofovir vs Entecavir Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus: A Reconstructed Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of the quality of conduct and reporting of survival analyses of tuberculosis outcomes in Africa.BMC medical research methodology · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Multiple First-Line Treatments for HER2-Negative Unresectable Advanced or Recurrent Gastric Cancer in Japan.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- In response to lean body mass index and hypertension risk in men: a nationwide epidemiological cohort study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of cabozantinib versus placebo for advanced neuroendocrine tumors from crossover-adjusted analysis in the United States and China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Economic value of finotonlimab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib for first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in China and the United States.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of sacituzumab tirumotecan vs. chemotherapy for patients with EGFR-TKI-resistant, EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-based personalized oncological outcome prediction model for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy: A development and multicenter validation.Investigative and clinical urology · 2026Article
- Interpretable Machine Learning for Survival Analysis.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2025Review
- Economic Evaluation of Penpulimab Plus Paclitaxel and Carboplatin Combination Therapy as First-Line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in China.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Article
- Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis: updated guidance.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Biomarker states and risk of death among individuals hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of cadonilimab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric cancer: evidence to inform drug pricing in the U.S. and China.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Interpretable deep learning survival predictions in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Exploring the characteristics, methods and reporting of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of time-to-event outcomes: a meta-epidemiological study.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Proportional Hazards Violations in Phase III Cancer Clinical Trials: A Potential Source of Trial Misinterpretation.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- LOCC: a novel visualization and scoring of cutoffs for continuous variables with hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis as an example.BMC bioinformatics · 2024Article
- Article
- Analyzing heterogeneity in biomarker discriminative performance through partial time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve modeling.Statistical methods in medical research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe evaluation of the proportional hazards (PH) assumption in survival analysis is an important issue when Hazard Ratio (HR) is chosen as summary measure. The aim is to assess the appropriateness of statistical methods based on the PH assumption in oncological trials.
methodsWe selected 58 randomised controlled trials comparing at least two pharmacological treatments with a time-to-event as primary endpoint in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Data from Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate the relative hazard at each time point and the Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST). The PH assumption was assessed with a fixed-effect meta-regression.
resultsIn 19% of the trials, there was evidence of non-PH. Comparison of treatments with different mechanisms of action was associated (P = 0.006) with violation of the PH assumption. In all the superiority trials where non-PH was detected, the conclusions using the RMST corresponded to that based on the Cox model, although the magnitude of the effect given by the HR was systematically greater than the one from the RMST ratio.
conclusionAs drugs with new mechanisms of action are being increasingly employed, particular attention should be paid on the statistical methods used to compare different types of agents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.