ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Testing the Empathizing-Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07768332 (Exploring the Feasibility of Social Prescription in People on the Autism Spectrum), which is not on this map. Cited by 125 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Exploring the Feasibility of Social Prescription in People on the Autism Spectrum
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does the Extreme Male Brain Hypothesis of Autism Apply More to Females Than Males? A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Approach.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-dependent vulnerability to early-life phthalates exposure and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Steroid hormone pathways, vitamin D and autism: a systematic review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- Sex and age differences in "theory of mind" across 57 countries using the English version of the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of oxytocin administration on salivary sex hormone levels in autistic and neurotypical women.Molecular autism · 2020Trial
- Empathy and Interest Towards an Autistic Person and the Effect of Disclosing the Diagnosis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Sex differences in face looking preferences at birth.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Moral Decision-Making, Machiavellianism, and Social Cognition in Autism: An Exploratory Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gender-Based Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From an Indian Clinical Cohort.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- The Effect of Sex and Gender-Role on Social Attention: Investigating the Association With Social Skills and Academic Preferences.International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Psychopathology and Neurocognition in Community Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- The Empathy Quotient and Systemising Quotient for Toddlers: Development and Validation.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- The prenatal sex steroid theory of autism after 25 years.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- Towards Identifying Autistic Adults at Risk for Eating Disorders: A Brief Report Into Clustering of Social Camouflaging and Sensory Processing Differences.European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association · 2026Article
- The hyper-systemizing hypothesis: how the tendency to systemize influences conspiracy beliefs and belief inflexibility in clinical and general populations.Cognitive processing · 2026Article
- Cortical Structure in Relation to Empathy and Psychopathy in 800 Incarcerated Men.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- The Signposting Questionnaire for Autism-2 (SQ-A-2): using input from autistic adults to inform questionnaire development.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- Automated Inference of Social Anxiety From Behavior in Social Virtual Reality: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Observational
- Sex/gender differences in the level and variability of autistic traits: a meta-analysis of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient.Health psychology report · 2026Article
- Dynamic brain lateralization patterns in Chinese naturalistic language comprehension and association with sex differences: a 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Psychoradiology · 2026Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) theory of typical sex differences suggests that individuals may be classified based on empathy and systemizing. An extension of the E-S theory, the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory suggests that autistic people on average have a shift towards a more masculinized brain along the E-S dimensions. Both theories have been investigated in small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. Here we leverage two large datasets (discovery
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.