ArticleAlcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)2019
Alcohol and cannabis use alter pulmonary innate immunity.
Article in Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alcohol and Cannabinoids Differentially Regulate Macrophage Polarization, with Co-Exposure Producing an Antagonistic Immunomodulatory Effect.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy activation underlie NK cell impairment induced by Cannabis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Cannabis Derivatives as Ingredients of Functional Foods to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Alcohol activates cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 in a model of pathogen induced pulmonary inflammation.Toxicology letters · 2024Article
- Liposomal Glutathione Augments Immune Defenses against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Neonatal Mice Exposed in Utero to Ethanol.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Synergistic Detrimental Effects of Cigarette Smoke, Alcohol, and SARS-CoV-2 in COPD Bronchial Epithelial Cells.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 versus Influenza A Virus: Characteristics and Co-Treatments.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Article
- The Inflammatory Signals Associated with Psychosis: Impact of Comorbid Drug Abuse.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- COVID-19 patients with documented alcohol use disorder or alcohol-related complications are more likely to be hospitalized and have higher all-cause mortality.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2022Article
- Chronic Marijuana Use Is Associated with Gene Expression Changes in BAL.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2022Article
- Sexual behaviors, cannabis, alcohol and monkeypox infection.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- Hyaladherins May be Implicated in Alcohol-Induced Susceptibility to Bacterial Pneumonia.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Inflammatory Biomarkers in Addictive Disorders.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Changes in alcohol use by cannabis use status among adolescents and young adults in the United States: Emerging evidence for both substitution and complementarity.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2021Article
- Exploration of alcohol use disorder-associated brain miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Article
- Development and validation of a mouse model of contemporary cannabis smoke exposure.ERJ open research · 2021Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCannabis use is increasing due to recent legislative changes. In addition, cannabis is often used in conjunction with alcohol. The airway epithelium is the first line of defense against infectious microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize airborne microbes and initiate the inflammatory cytokine response. The mechanism by which cannabis use in conjunction with alcohol affects pulmonary innate immunity mediated by TLRs is unknown.
methodsSamples and data from an existing cohort of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), along with samples from additional participants with cannabis use alone and with AUD were utilized. Subjects were categorized into the following groups: no alcohol use disorder (AUD) or cannabis use (control) (n = 46), AUD only (n = 29), cannabis use-only (n = 39), and AUD and cannabis use (n = 29). The participants underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and airway epithelial brushings. We measured IL-6, IL-8, TNF⍺, and IL-10 levels in BAL fluid, and performed real-time PCR for TLR1-9 on the airway epithelial brushings.
resultsWe found significant increases in TLR2 with AUD alone, cannabis use alone, and cannabis use with AUD, compared to control. TLR5 was increased in cannabis users compared to control, TLR6 was increased in cannabis users and cannabis users with AUD compared to control, TLR7 was increased in cannabis users compared to control, and TLR9 was increased in cannabis users compared to control. In terms of cytokine production, IL-6 was increased in cannabis users compared to control. IL-8 and IL-10 were increased in AUD only.
conclusionsAUD and cannabis use have complex effects on pulmonary innate immunity that promote airway inflammation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.