ArticlePloS one2018
Malaria in children under-five: A comparison of risk factors in lakeshore and highland areas, Zomba district, Malawi.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Malaria among under-five children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence and factors associated with malaria among children aged 6-59 months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and ecological factors associated with malaria and malaria recurrence risk in children in Msambweni, Kwale County, Kenya.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Risk factors associated with malaria infection in children aged from 6 to 59 months in Niger: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Unravelling the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on childhood malaria in Malawi.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- Article
- Malaria outbreak facilitated by increased mosquito breeding sites near houses and cessation of indoor residual spraying, Kole district, Uganda, January-June 2019.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Clinical malaria incidence and health seeking pattern in geographically heterogeneous landscape of western Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Cooking outdoors or with cleaner fuels does not increase malarial risk in children under 5 years: a cross-sectional study of 17 sub-Saharan African countries.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Health care provider practices in diagnosis and treatment of malaria in rural communities in Kisumu County, Kenya.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Risk associations of submicroscopic malaria infection in lakeshore, plateau and highland areas of Kisumu County in western Kenya.PloS one · 2022Article
- Joint modelling of malaria and anaemia in children less than five years of age in Malawi.Heliyon · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Malaria among Children Aged Six Months to 14 Years Old in Rwanda: Evidence from 2017 Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Childhood morbidity and its determinants: evidence from 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.BMJ global health · 2020Article
- Prevalence and determinants of malaria infection among children of local farmers in Central Malawi.Malaria journal · 2020Article
- Malaria Risk Map Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis along Yunnan Border During the Pre-elimination Period.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Modelled and observed mean and seasonal relationships between climate, population density and malaria indicators in Cameroon.Malaria journal · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn Malawi, children under the age of five living in different geographical areas may experience different malaria risk factors. We compare the risk factors of malaria experienced by children under the age of five from Zomba district, who reside in lakeshore and highland areas.
methodsWe conducted a case control study of 765 caregivers, cases being children under-five who were diagnosed with malaria, and obtained matched controls from local health facilities and communities. We used a multivariate logistic regression to identify individual and household risk factors.
resultsIn lakeshore areas, risk factors were households located one kilometer or less away from stagnant water (AOR: 2.246 95% CI: 1.269 to 3.975 P-value: 0.005); or if the household had obtained a mosquito bed net more than one year ago (AOR: 1.946 95% CI: 1.073 to 3.529 P-value: 0.028). In highland areas, risk factors were households which used a borehole/unprotected well (AOR: 1.962 95% CI: 1.001 to 3.844 P-value 0.050), communal standpipe (AOR: 3.293 95% CI: 1.301 to 8.332 P-value 0.012), and un-protected dug well in their yards (AOR: 16.195 95% CI: 2.585 to 101.464 P-value 0.003) as their drinking water sources. In highland areas, caregivers not attending health talks on malaria prevention messages was a risk factor (AOR: 2.518 95% CI: 1.439 to 4.406 P-value: 0.001).
conclusionChildren under the age of five living in highland areas experience different malaria risk factors compared to children living in lakeshore areas. Settling away from stagnant/open water source in lakeshore and encouraging caregivers to attend health talks on malaria prevention in highlands can help reduce malaria transmission. Nevertheless, using a mosquito bed net that is more than one year old is a common risk factor in both locations. Using new mosquito bed nets can significantly reduce the risk of contracting malaria in children under the age of five.
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