ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2019
Sex bias in preclinical research and an exploration of how to change the status quo.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Uncovering the "riddle of femininity" in osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of menopausal animal models and mathematical modeling of estrogen treatment.Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2023Pooled it
- Conventional laboratory housing increases morbidity and mortality in research rodents: results of a meta-analysis.BMC biology · 2022Pooled it
- Aberrant IL-17 Levels in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Integrative Principal Component-QTL Mapping Identifies Genetic Modifiers of Tumor and Metabolic Traits inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sex and ovarian hormone status shape baseline cardiovascular physiology in Sprague Dawley rats.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Advanced Biomaterial-Based In Vitro Osteoarthritis Models: Integrating Sex as a Biological Variable in Hormonal, Subchondral Bone, and Mechanobiological Pathways.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Addressing cultural and knowledge barriers to enable preclinical sex inclusive research.eLife · 2025Article
- Article
- An Overview of Sex-Based Differences in the Onset and Progression of DKD in the Well-Known Model, ZSF1 Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biological Sex Is Under-Reported in Cartilage-Related Preclinical Research: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.JOR spine · 2025Article
- Chronic intermittent alcohol yields sex-specific disruptions in cortical-striatal-limbic oscillations in rats.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Article
- More ethics in the laboratory, please! Scientists' perspectives on ethics in the preclinical phase.Accountability in research · 2025Article
- Navigating the paradigm shift of sex inclusive preclinical research and lessons learnt.Communications biology · 2025Article
- The Sex Inclusive Research Framework to address sex bias in preclinical research proposals.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Developing the evidence-base to inform policy on inclusive research design.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Refining bone marrow ablation and reconstitution in mice.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Article
- Evaluating Covid-19 publications for sex and gender-specific health content: A bibliometric analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Evidence for food-related and non-food-related maladaptive preference in a mouse model of binge eating disorder.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There has been a revolution within clinical trials to include females in the research pipeline. However, there has been limited change in the preclinical arena; yet the research here lays the ground work for the subsequent clinical trials. Sex bias has been highlighted as one of the contributing factors to the poor translation and replicability issues undermining preclinical research. There have been multiple calls for action, and the funders of biomedical research are actively pushing the inclusion of sex as a biological variable. Here, we consider the current standard practice within the preclinical research setting, why there is a movement to include females and why the imbalance exists. We explore organizational change theory as a tool to shape strategies needed at an individual and institute level to change the status quo. The ultimate goal is to create a scientific environment in which our preclinical research automatically implements sex-sensitive approaches. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.