ArticleEnvironmental research2019
The associations between prenatal exposure to triclocarban, phenols and parabens with gestational age and birth weight in northern Puerto Rico.
Article in Environmental research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gestational triclosan exposure and infant birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Environment international · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Maternal mycoestrogen exposure in relation to timing of birth and placental corticotropin releasing hormone concentrations in a U.S. pregnancy cohort.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Review
- Bisphenol exposure in preterm neonates: a cohort study with measurements at admission and discharge in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ankara, Türkiye.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Endocrine and Reproductive Health Considerations of Sunscreen UV Filters: Insights from a Comprehensive Review 2014-2024.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Maternal urinary concentrations of bisphenol A during pregnancy and birth size in children from the Odense Child Cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Association between pre- and postnatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes: an extensive review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- The Potential for Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine Disruption in Triclosan and Triclocarban Assessed through a Combination of In Vitro Methods.Journal of xenobiotics · 2023Article
- Personal Care Products as a Contributing Factor to Antimicrobial Resistance: Current State and Novel Approach to Investigation.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maternal diet quality moderates associations between parabens and birth outcomes.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Association of preconception mixtures of phenol and phthalate metabolites with birthweight among subfertile couples.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- Variability and correlations of synthetic chemicals in urine from a New York City-based cohort of pregnant women.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2022Article
- A Data Mining Approach Reveals Chemicals Detected at Higher Levels in Non-Hispanic Black Women Target Preterm Birth Genes and Pathways.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Article
- The association of prenatal exposure to benzophenones with gestational age and offspring size at birth.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Article
- Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol Mixtures during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: The MAKE Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Performance of urine, blood, and integrated metal biomarkers in relation to birth outcomes in a mixture setting.Environmental research · 2021Article
- Health and Social Services in Puerto Rico Before and After Hurricane Maria: Predisaster Conditions, Hurricane Damage, and Themes for Recovery.Rand health quarterly · 2021Article
- The sex-specific association between maternal urinary paraben levels and offspring size at birth.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrenatal exposure to certain xenobiotics has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. We examined the associations of triclocarban, phenols and parabens in a cohort of 922 pregnant women in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats Program (PROTECT).
methodsUrinary triclocarban, phenols and parabens were measured at three time points in pregnancy (visit 1: 16-20 weeks, visit 2: 20-24 weeks, visit 3: 24-28 weeks gestation). Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were conducted to regress gestational age and birthweight z-scores against each woman's log average concentrations of exposure biomarkers. Logistic regression models were conducted to calculate odds of preterm birth, small or large for gestational age (SGA and LGA) in association with each of the exposure biomarkers. An interaction term between the average urinary biomarker concentration and infant sex was included in models to identify effect modification. The results were additionally stratified by study visit to look for windows of vulnerability. Results were transformed into the change in the birth outcome for an inter-quartile-range difference in biomarker concentration (Δ).
resultsAverage benzophenone-3, methyl- and propyl-paraben concentrations were associated with an increase in gestational age [(Δ 1.90 days; 95% CI: 0.54, 3.26); (Δ 1.63; 95% CI: 0.37, 2.89); (Δ 2.06; 95% CI: 0.63, 3.48), respectively]. Triclocarban was associated with a suggestive 2-day decrease in gestational age (Δ - 1.96; 95% CI: -4.11, 0.19). Bisphenol A measured at visit 1 was associated with a suggestive increase in gestational age (Δ 1.37; 95% CI: -0.05, 2.79). Triclosan was positively associated with gestational age among males, and negatively associated with gestational age among females. Methyl-, butyl- and propyl-paraben were associated with significant 0.50-0.66 decreased odds of SGA. BPS was associated with an increase in the odds of SGA at visit 3, and a suggestive increase in the odds of LGA at visit 1.
conclusionBenzophenone-3, methyl-paraben and propyl-paraben were associated with an increase in gestational age. Concentrations of triclocarban, which were much higher than reported in other populations, were associated with a suggestive decrease in gestational age. The direction of the association between triclosan and gestational age differed by infant sex. Parabens were associated with a decrease in SGA, and BPS was associated with both SGA and LGA depending on the study visit. Further studies are required to substantiate these findings.
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