Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30400858›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2018

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their determinants: results from a national survey in Kenya.

Shukri F Mohamed, Martin K Mutua, Richard Wamai, Frederick Wekesah, Tilahun Haregu, Pamela Juma, Loise Nyanjau, Catherine Kyobutungi, Elijah Ogola

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Article in BMC public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
86citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

86 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shukri F MohamedHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya. smohamed@aphrc.org.
Martin K MutuaHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
Richard WamaiDepartment of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, North Eastern University, Massachusetts, USA.
Frederick WekesahHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
Tilahun HareguHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
Pamela JumaHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
Loise NyanjauDivision of Non Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Catherine KyobutungiHealth and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
Elijah OgolaClinical Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite growing evidence that the prevalence of hypertension is rising in sub-Saharan Africa, national data on hypertension that can guide programming are missing for many countries. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control. We further examined the factors associated with hypertension and awareness.

methodWe used data from the 2015 Kenya STEPs survey, a national cross-sectional household survey targeting randomly selected people aged 18-69 years. Demographic and behavioral characteristics as well as physical measurements were collected using the World Health Organization's STEPs Survey methodology. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the determinants of hypertension and awareness.

resultsThe study surveyed 4485 participants. The overall age-standardized prevalence for hypertension was 24.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.6% to 26.6%). Among individuals with hypertension, only 15.6% (95% CI 12.4% to 18.9%) were aware of their elevated blood pressure. Among those aware only 26.9%; (95% CI 17.1% to 36.4%) were on treatment and 51.7%; (95% CI 33.5% to 69.9%) among those on treatment had achieved blood pressure control. Factors associated with hypertension were older age (p < 0.001), higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) and harmful use of alcohol (p < 0.001). Similarly, factors associated with awareness were older age (p = 0.013) and being male (p < 0.001).

conclusionThis study provides the first nationally-representative estimates for hypertension in Kenya. Prevalence among adults is high, with unacceptably low levels of awareness, treatment and control. The results also reveal that men are less aware of their hypertension status hence special attention should focus on this group.

Indexed as

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansHypertensionKenyaMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsSex DistributionSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAfricaAwarenessControlHypertensionKenyaNon-communicable diseasesSub-Saharan AfricaTreatment

Identifiers

PMID30400858
PMCPMC6219055

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.