ReviewToxins2018
Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development.
Review in Toxins, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Computational immunology in venom research: a systematic review of epitope prediction and validation approaches.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Pooled it
- Engineering Antivenom: Research Progress and Future Directions in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Review
- Venom variation and the future of antivenom design: Integrating population venomics, evolutionary toxinology, and precision therapeutics.Toxicon: X · 2026Review
- Article
- Enhancing Deinagkistrodon acutus antivenom potency through acutolysin A-targeted antibody supplementation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Efficacy Variation in Antivenoms: Insights from a Malayan Pit Viper (Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Article
- The Effect of Two Preservation Techniques on the Yield, Percentage Solids, Electrophoretic Profile, Gelatinolytic Activity, and Brine Shrimp Lethality ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Snake Venom Compounds: A New Frontier in the Battle Against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections.Toxins · 2025Review
- Bioinformatics-Guided Identification and Quantification of Biomarkers of Crotalus atrox Envenoming and Its Neutralization by Antivenom.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccines produce hyperimmune equine sera with broad sarbecovirus activity.iScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Toxic Peptides from the Mexican ScorpionToxins · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Effects of Adjuvant and Immunization Route on Antibody Responses againstArchives of Razi Institute · 2023Article
- Unveiling the functional epitopes of cobra venom cytotoxin by immunoinformatics and epitope-omic analyses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.