ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2019
Types and origins of bacterial membrane vesicles.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 761 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
761 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,242 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acinetobacter baumannii as a Model for the Study and Application of Gram-Negative Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Systematic Review.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Probiotic extracellular vesicles reprogram macrophage immunometabolism: From gut crosstalk to host health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut-derived bacterial extracellular vesicles: the microbial dark matter contributing to host inflammation and cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Induction of DNA-mediated immune responses by bacterial extracellular vesicles results in control of murine norovirus infection.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Outer membrane vesicles fromVirulence · 2026Article
- Review
- Bacterial cell envelope components of gut commensals: effects in host-microbe interaction.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Friends or Foes?Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Discovery and characterization of outer membrane vesicles produced by the bee gut microbiota.Biology letters · 2026Article
- From selenite to selenium nanoparticle: comparative biosynthetic mechanisms across Bacillus and a roadmap for Bacillus licheniformis.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Lipid interactions couple turnercyclamycin antibacterial activity with carbohydrate-active enzyme packaging in membrane vesicles.RSC chemical biology · 2026Article
- From bacterial to microbiome-derived vesicles: genome-informed identity, source qualification, and translational quality for skin-directed cosmetics.Genes & genomics · 2026Review
- Poultry handling-related stress alters membrane composition, extracellular vesicle production, survival, and virulence inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Role of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in immune evasion during infection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacillus subtilis extracellular vesicles surface-displaying superoxide dismutase attenuate alcoholic liver injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2026Article
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Delivering the Gut to the Brain: Drug Delivery Strategies for Microbiota-Derived Therapeutics in Depression.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Local administration of polymyxin B-conjugated Akkermansia muciniphila outer membrane vesicles attenuate asthma by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Towards a Scalable Production ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of the Gut Microbiome-Circadian Axis in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
701 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most bacteria release membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain specific cargo molecules and have diverse functions, including the transport of virulence factors, DNA transfer, interception of bacteriophages, antibiotics and eukaryotic host defence factors, cell detoxification and bacterial communication. MVs not only are abundant in nature but also show great promise for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. MVs were first discovered to originate from controlled blebbing of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are therefore often called outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, recent work has shown that Gram-positive bacteria can produce MVs, that different types of MVs besides OMVs exist and that, in addition to membrane blebbing, MVs can also be formed by endolysin-triggered cell lysis. In this Review, we provide an overview of the structures and compositions of the various vesicle types and discuss novel formation routes, which may lead to distinct vesicle types that serve particular functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.