ArticleBMJ open2018
Association between normal tension glaucoma and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan.
Article in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of glaucoma to subsequent dementia or cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Pooled it
- Relative Risks for Dementia among Individuals with Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Cohort Studies.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2023Pooled it
- Frequency of coexistent eye diseases and cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- The Association between Glaucoma and Dementia in a National Cohort of All of Us Participants.Ophthalmology · 2026Article
- MicroRNA Signatures in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal-Tension Glaucoma: A Comparative Expression Analysis of miR-128 and miR-455-3p.Current Alzheimer research · 2026Article
- Associations between dementia and exposure to topical glaucoma medications.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- The association between antiglaucomatous agents and Alzheimer's disease.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction and Glaucoma.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Potential Clinical Links to Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias in Persons with Glaucoma: A National Cohort Study.Ophthalmology · 2024Article
- No Strong Association between the Apolipoprotein E E4 Allele and Glaucoma: A Multicohort Study.Ophthalmology science · 2023Article
- Pharmaceutical Approaches to Normal Tension Glaucoma.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Could Young Cerebrospinal Fluid Combat Glaucoma? Comment on Lee et al. Association between Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and Lamina Cribrosa Morphology in Normal-Tension Glaucoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Normal-Tension Glaucoma: A Glymphopathy?Eye and brain · 2023Article
- Associations between Visual Acuity and Cognitive Decline in Older Adulthood: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2023Article
- cGMP Signaling in the Neurovascular Unit-Implications for Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival in Glaucoma.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Normal-tension glaucoma is associated with cognitive impairment.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- TheOphthalmology science · 2022Article
- Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Levels in Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Study from Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Girl Power in Glaucoma: The Role of Estrogen in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate a possible association between normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingNTG group and the comparison group were retrieved from the whole population of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2013.
participantsA total of 15 317 subjects with NTG were enrolled in the NTG group, and 61 268 age-matched and gender-matched subjects without glaucoma were enrolled in the comparison group. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare the cumulative hazard of AD between the two groups. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of AD, adjusted for diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease and stroke. Furthermore, risk factors for developing AD among the NTG group were investigated.
resultsThe mean age of the cohort was 62.1±12.5 years. Patients with NTG had significantly higher proportions of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease and stroke than the comparisons. Patients with NTG had a significantly higher cumulative hazard for AD than the comparisons (p<0.0001). In the multivariable Cox regression after adjustment for confounders, the NTG group had a significantly higher risk of AD (adjusted HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.41 to 1.63). Moreover, in the NTG group, when we compared the effects of different types of glaucoma eye drops, none of the eye drops used were significant risk factors or protective factors for AD.
conclusionsPeople with NTG are at a significantly greater risk of developing AD compared with individuals without glaucoma. Among patients with NTG, none of the glaucoma eye drops used significantly changed the risk of subsequent AD.
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