ArticleThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2019
Magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain: a simulated patient study.
Article in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Utilisation of endocrine therapy for cancer in Indigenous peoples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Perception and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among medical students in Sudanese universities: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Non-prescription antibiotics dispensing for common infections using simulated patients.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Mapping 25 years of research on gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance: bibliometric insights and future directions.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- Comparison of antibiotic prescription indexes by patient and physician gender and age: a cross-sectional study based on administrative data.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Availability of Oral Emergency Contraception in German Community Pharmacies-A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Mystery Caller Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Non-Prescription Dispensing of Antibiotics in Community Pharmacies in Port Sudan: A Simulated Patient Study Using a Sore Throat Scenario in a Conflict-Affected Setting.Integrated pharmacy research & practice · 2026Article
- Medication Recommendation, Counseling, and Pricing for Nasal Sprays in German Community Pharmacies: A Simulated Patient Investigation.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Antibiotic dispensing without a prescription across community pharmacies: A simulated patient study.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- A Multicenter Survey on Pharmacists' Perspectives on Self-Medication Issues in Romania: A Descriptive Study Towards Sustainable and Safe Pharmaceutical Practices.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Practices, strategies, and challenges in antibiotic treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance from the perspectives of Romanian community pharmacists and general practitioners: a Goffman-inspired qualitative interview study.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2024Article
- Antibiotics in Catalan Primary Care: Prescription, Use and Remedies for a Crisis of Care.Medical anthropology · 2023Article
- Factors Influencing Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics in Infants under 3 Years of Age in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study of the Paediatricians' Perceptions.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Developing a Tool for Auditing the Quality of Antibiotic Dispensing in Community Pharmacies: A Pilot Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- General Practitioners', Pharmacists' and Parents' Views on Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Malta: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Over-the-counter sale of antibiotics during COVID-19 outbreak by community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a simulated client study.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Article
- The Quality of Counseling for Headache OTC Medications in German Community Pharmacies Using a Simulated Patient Approach: Are There Differences between Self-Purchase and Purchase for a Third Party?TheScientificWorldJournal · 2022Article
- Assessment of community pharmacy management towards self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women: a simulated client study in Upper Egypt.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2021Article
- A Nationwide Mystery Caller Evaluation of Oral Emergency Contraception Practices from German Community Pharmacies: An Observational Study Protocol.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics increases antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain by the simulated patient technique. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with all the pharmacies in a region of north-west Spain (n = 977), between December 2016 and January 2017. Four actors visited the pharmacies simulating a respiratory infection. Four incremental levels of pressure were used to obtain an antibiotic. The education and sex of the person who was dispensing and the area where the pharmacy was located were recorded. The effect of these independent variables on the dispensing of an antibiotic without prescription (1 = yes, 0 = no) was modelled by logistic regression. Results: An antibiotic was obtained in 18.83% (95% CI = 16.5%-21.41%) of the visits. The area influenced the dispensing of antibiotics without a medical prescription, with a greater likelihood of dispensing in rural (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.20-2.68) or semi-rural (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.13-2.44) areas than in urban areas. No association was found with the sex or the training of the person who dispensed the antibiotic. In the pharmacies in urban areas, a lower level of pressure was needed to obtain the antibiotic. Conclusions: This study shows that one-fifth of the pharmacies still dispense antibiotics without prescription, especially under patient pressure. A rural setting has been identified as a risk factor for dispensing without prescription, so it must be taken into account for future interventions.
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