ReviewCurrent opinion in rheumatology2019
Sex bias in autoimmunity.
Review in Current opinion in rheumatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of genetic variation on X chromosome with systemic lupus erythematosus in both Thai and Chinese populations.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Tissue-resident immune cells drive genetic risk in autoimmune and lung diseases.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Female mice with a Xist deletion in B cells can develop lupus-associated phenotypes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Loss of chromosome Y in hematopoietic cells: mechanisms and implications for human disease.MedScience · 2026Review
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and the Female Brain: Sex-Specific Mechanisms Underlying Mood Disorders and Stress Vulnerability.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Microbiome-orchestrated cross-organ immunity in autoimmunity: from metabolites to therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Epidemiological assessment of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021: analyses of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Association between anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity and autoimmune thyroid disease markers in a general examination population.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Neutrophils are key modulators of sex differences in LPS-induced shock in mice.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Small RNA and Toll-like receptor interactions: origins and disease mechanisms.Trends in biochemical sciences · 2025Review
- Sex-specific and regional differences in the prevalence of diagnosed autoimmune diseases in Germany, 2022.Research in health services & regions · 2025Article
- Article
- Beyond the skin: endocrine, psychological and nutritional aspects in women with hidradenitis suppurativa.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Chronic Pain and Comorbid Emotional Disorders: Neural Circuitry and Neuroimmunity Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The role of immunoglobulin E in non-atopic disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Association between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and type 2 diabetic microvascular complications in euthyroid patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewTo give an overview of recently published articles addressing the mechanisms underlying sex bias in autoimmune disease. RECENT
findingsRecent studies investigating the origins of sex bias in autoimmune disease have revealed an extensive and interconnected network of genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental influences. Investigation of sex hormones has moved beyond profiling the effects of hormones on activity and prevalence of immune cell types to defining the specific immunity-related genes driving these changes. Deeper examination of the genetic content of the X and Y chromosomes and genetic escapees of X chromosome inactivation has revealed some key drivers of female-biased autoimmunity. Animal studies are offering further insights into the connections among microbiota, particularly that of the gut, and the immune system. SUMMARY: Sex bias in autoimmune disease is the manifestation of a complex interplay of the sex chromosomes, sex hormones, the microbiota, and additional environmental and sociological factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.