ReviewAnnual review of biochemistry2019
Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins.
Review in Annual review of biochemistry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 137 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 230 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of intravesical instillation of botulinum toxin-A in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Treatment of cervical dystonia with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine · 2023Trial
- Why the Same Dose of Botulinum Toxin A Is Less Predictable in Small Muscles: A Discrete Threshold Model.Toxins · 2026Article
- Article
- An Integrated Diagnostic Approach to Severe Generalized Canine Tetanus: Serial Neurological, Clinicopathological and Electromyographic Assessment with Successful Clinical Management.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Evolution of botulinum neurotoxin serotype X proteases to induce inflammatory cell death in cancer cells.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Light-activated tetanus neurotoxin for conditional proteolysis and inducible synaptic inhibition in vivo.Nature methods · 2026Article
- Single-dose dual-indication nanoparticle vaccine co-displayingMaterials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of a Tailored Dosing Strategy with High-Dose IncobotulinumtoxinA at Flexible Injection Intervals for Cervical Dystonia: An Open-Label, Uncontrolled, Single-Arm Study in Japan.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Characterisation of the SNAP-25 and SNAP-23 cleavage properties of the botulinum neurotoxin-like protein from Enterococcus.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne botulism in Xinjiang, China from 2016 to 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Gangliosides in molecular interactions and cell regulation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection byScience advances · 2026Article
- Tetanus infection in an 11-year-old male with full infant vaccination history: a rare case report.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Bacterial zinc metalloproteases as facilitators of pathogenic success: a review.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Probing the properties of PTEN specific botulinum toxin type E mutants.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Identification and characterization of botulinum neurotoxin-like two-component toxins inScience advances · 2025Article
- Nanobody-Functionalized Magnetic Beads for Enrichment of Foodborne Botulinum Toxin Type A Light Chain.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Ser187 is enhanced following its cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, promoting the dominant-negative effect of the resulting fragment.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as therapeutic toxins. They contain three functional domains responsible for receptor-binding, membrane translocation, and proteolytic cleavage of host proteins required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. These toxins also have distinct features: BoNTs exist within a progenitor toxin complex (PTC), which protects the toxin and facilitates its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas TeNT is uniquely transported retrogradely within motor neurons. Our increasing knowledge of these toxins has allowed the development of engineered toxins for medical uses. The discovery of new BoNTs and BoNT-like proteins provides additional tools to understand the evolution of the toxins and to engineer toxin-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress on our understanding of BoNTs and TeNT, focusing on the PTC, receptor recognition, new BoNT-like toxins, and therapeutic toxin engineering.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.