Observational studyMedicine2018
The ratio of urinary sodium and potassium and chronic kidney disease progression: Results from the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD).
Observational study in Medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium-disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Pooled it
- Prediction of future development of hypertension in the general population using urinary Na/K ratio.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Managing Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Role of Diet and Guideline Recommendations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Genistein Supply and Elemental Composition of Rat Kidneys in an Induced Breast Cancer Model.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Association of Urinary Sodium, Potassium, and the Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio with Impaired Kidney Function Assessed with 24-H Urine Analysis.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Urinary Na/K ratio is a predictor of developing chronic kidney disease in the general population.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Examining the Relationship between Dietary Intake, Socioeconomic Status, and Systolic Blood Pressure of Adults on Hemodialysis in Quito, Ecuador.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Article
- Caffeine Intake, Plasma Caffeine Level, and Kidney Function: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Review
- Association between the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2021Article
- Association of Sodium, Potassium and Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio with Urine Albumin Excretion among the General Chinese Population.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Attenuating Effects of Dieckol on Hypertensive Nephropathy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The DASH Diet and Cardiometabolic Health and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review of the Evidence in East Asian Countries.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Urinary sodium potassium ratio is associated with clinical success after adrenalectomy in patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2021Article
- Nutritional management in patients with chronic kidney disease.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2020Review
- Estimated 24 h Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Is Related to Renal Function Decline: A 6-Year Cohort Study of Japanese Urban Residents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- The KNOW-CKD Study: What we have learned about chronic kidney diseases.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Na/K ratio in urine stands for the dietary of sodium and potassium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease remains unclear for the renal progression. We aimed to determine the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease based on the Na/K ratio in a 24-hour urine collection.We determined the association between the progression of renal disease and 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium (Na/K) ratios in 2238 patients over a 5-year timespan using data obtained from the KoreaN cohort study for Outcomes in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD). Renal events were defined as a 50% decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below baseline, or the onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the quartile range of the 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium ratio. We analyzed those variables in the 4 groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using the data of 1001 patients to identify the independent factors associated with renal events.Age and male sex accounted for the greatest number of patients in the group with the highest values (group 4) of the 24-hour urinary Na/K ratio (≥3.85). There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, the ratio of use of antihypertensive drugs, blood pressures, or estimated GFRs. In the group with the highest urinary Na/K ratio, the 24-hour urinary Na concentration mean ± standard deviation was 188.7 ± 70.6 mmol and that of urinary K was 39.9 ± 16.1 mmol. The urinary protein excretion was highest in the group with the highest urinary Na/K ratio. In the logistic regression analysis, the effect on renal events increased with increasing urinary Na/K ratios. After adjusting for other factors, the risk of renal events was 2.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30-4.90) in group 3, and 3.75 (95% CI: 1.35-11.27) in group 4. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the higher the urinary Na/K ratio, the higher the rate of CKD progression.Based on our analyses, we concluded that the higher the urinary Na/K ratio, the greater the risk of CKD progression.
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