ArticleAnnals of neurology2019
Neural basis of induced phantom limb pain relief.
Article in Annals of neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarker use in predicting transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) response: a systematic scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of neuromodulation techniques on pain and depression in patients with phantom limb pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of phantom limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Non-invasive neuromodulation effects on painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Neuromodulation Techniques in Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- [Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Mirror Therapy on Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2022Trial
- Understanding intracortical excitability in phantom limb pain: A multivariate analysis from a multicenter randomized clinical trial.Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology · 2021Trial
- BCI training to move a virtual hand reduces phantom limb pain: A randomized crossover trial.Neurology · 2020Trial
- Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) Ameliorates Phantom Limb Pain and Non-painful Phantom Limb Sensations.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2019Trial
- Neuropathic Mechanisms in Phantom Pain: A Review of Pain Pathways and Peripheral Localization.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Emerging neural modulation techniques for the management of phantom limb pain: Evidence from randomized controlled trials.World journal of orthopedics · 2025Article
- Vestibular Versus Cochlear Stimulation on the Relief of Phantom Pain After Traumatic Finger Amputation.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Modulatory effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on sensory gating in Fibromyalgia Syndrome.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Sensing the Self: The Role of the Insula and Interoception in Body Image.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Alleviation of migraine related pain and anxiety by inhibiting calcium-stimulating AC1-dependent CGRP in the insula of adult rats.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- Is Phantom Limb Awareness Necessary for the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain?Neurologia medico-chirurgica · 2024Review
- Physiotherapy: A potential and novel treatment approach for phantom limb pain in post-amputee patients - A systematic review.British journal of pain · 2024Article
- Cortical Reorganization after Limb Loss: Bridging the Gap between Basic Science and Clinical Recovery.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePhantom limb pain (PLP) is notoriously difficult to treat, partly due to an incomplete understanding of PLP-related disease mechanisms. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is used to modulate plasticity in various neuropathological diseases, including chronic pain. Although NIBS can alleviate neuropathic pain (including PLP), both disease and treatment mechanisms remain tenuous. Insight into the mechanisms underlying both PLP and NIBS-induced PLP relief is needed for future implementation of such treatment and generalization to related conditions.
methodsWe used a within-participants, double-blind, and sham-controlled design to alleviate PLP via task-concurrent NIBS over the primary sensorimotor missing hand cortex (S1/M1). To specifically influence missing hand signal processing, amputees performed phantom hand movements during anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain activity was monitored using neuroimaging during and after NIBS. PLP ratings were obtained throughout the week after stimulation.
resultsA single session of intervention NIBS significantly relieved PLP, with effects lasting at least 1 week. PLP relief associated with reduced activity in the S1/M1 missing hand cortex after stimulation. Critically, PLP relief and reduced S1/M1 activity correlated with preceding activity changes during stimulation in the mid- and posterior insula and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2).
interpretationThe observed correlation between PLP relief and decreased S1/M1 activity confirms our previous findings linking PLP with increased S1/M1 activity. Our results further highlight the driving role of the mid- and posterior insula, as well as S2, in modulating PLP. Lastly, our novel PLP intervention using task-concurrent NIBS opens new avenues for developing treatment for PLP and related pain conditions. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:59-73.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.