ArticleJournal of virology2019
Mutation of Influenza A Virus PA-X Decreases Pathogenicity in Chicken Embryos and Can Increase the Yield of Reassortant Candidate Vaccine Viruses.
Article in Journal of virology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Updated A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus ferret infection model permits refined antiviral assessment using aerosol inhalation challenge.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- An NS1-F161L Substitution Determines Host-Driven Virulence Enhancement of H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus in Ducks.Viruses · 2026Article
- Article
- PA and PA-X: two key proteins from segment 3 of the influenza viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- PA-X protein of H1N1 subtype influenza virus disables the nasal mucosal dendritic cells for strengthening virulence.Virulence · 2022Article
- The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression.Annual review of virology · 2022Review
- Emerging of H5N6 Subtype Influenza Virus with 129-Glycosylation Site on Hemagglutinin in Poultry in China Acquires Immune Pressure Adaption.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitnessVirulence · 2021Article
- Accessory Gene Products of Influenza A Virus.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
- Chick fetal organ spheroids as a model to study development and disease.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2021Article
- PA-X is an avian virulence factor in H9N2 avian influenza virus.The Journal of general virology · 2021Article
- Contribution of Segment 3 to the Acquisition of Virulence in Contemporary H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Truncation of PA-X Contributes to Virulence and Transmission of H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses in Dogs.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Article
- PA-X antagonises MAVS-dependent accumulation of early type I interferon messenger RNAs during influenza A virus infection.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Mutation of Influenza A Virus PA-X Decreases Pathogenicity in Chicken Embryos and Can Increase the Yield of Reassortant Candidate Vaccine Viruses.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Identification of Amino Acid Residues in Influenza A Virus PA-X That Contribute to Enhanced Shutoff Activity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The PA-X protein of influenza A virus has roles in host cell shutoff and viral pathogenesis. While most strains are predicted to encode PA-X, strain-dependent variations in activity have been noted. We found that PA-X protein from the A/PR/8/34 (PR8) strain had significantly lower repressive activity against cellular gene expression than PA-X proteins from the avian strains A/turkey/England/50-92/91 (H5N1) (T/E) and A/chicken/Rostock/34 (H7N1). Loss of normal PA-X expression, either by mutation of the frameshift site or by truncating the X open reading frame (ORF), had little effect on the infectious virus titer of PR8 or PR8 7:1 reassortants with T/E segment 3 grown in embryonated hens' eggs. However, in both virus backgrounds, mutation of PA-X led to decreased embryo mortality and lower overall pathology, effects that were more pronounced in the PR8 strain than in the T/E reassortant, despite the low shutoff activity of the PR8 PA-X. Purified PA-X mutant virus particles displayed an increased ratio of hemagglutinin (HA) to nucleoprotein (NP) and M1 compared to values for their wild-type (WT) counterparts, suggesting altered virion composition. When the PA-X gene was mutated in the background of poorly growing PR8 6:2 vaccine reassortant analogues containing the HA and neuraminidase (NA) segments from H1N1 2009 pandemic viruses or from an avian H7N3 strain, HA yield increased up to 2-fold. This suggests that the PR8 PA-X protein may harbor a function unrelated to host cell shutoff and that disruption of the PA-X gene has the potential to improve the HA yield of vaccine viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.