SynthesisHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2019
The safety of inactivated influenza vaccines in pregnancy for birth outcomes: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06833957 (PReparing for OptimalPhase III/IV maTErnal Group B StreptococCal Vaccine Trials in Africa), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
PReparing for OptimalPhase III/IV maTErnal Group B StreptococCal Vaccine Trials in Africa (PROTECT)
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal influenza vaccination during the first trimester of pregnancy and risk for birth defects: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- mRNA Covid-19 vaccines in pregnancy: A systematic review.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Safety of Influenza A H1N1pdm09 Vaccines: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women: a randomized, observer-blind trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Trial
- The Impact of Maternal Influenza Infection and Vaccination During Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- The Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Twin Pregnancies After Influenza and Pertussis Vaccinations During Pregnancy: A Data Linkage Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Influenza virus infection during pregnancy: a review of risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Protective Effects of Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women and Their Infants: An Umbrella Review.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Review
- Influenza vaccination hesitancy and related factors among pregnant and breastfeeding women: A cross-sectional study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Antiviral Inactivated Vaccines: Looking to the Past to Face the Future-A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Reliability and validity study of the "5Cs" hesitancy scale for maternal influenza vaccination among pregnant and postpartum women.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Natural microbial exposure populates the maternal fetal interface with diverse T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Maternal influenza vaccination and associated risk of fetal loss: A claims-based prospective cohort study.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Safety of quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine in pregnant persons and their infants.AJOG global reports · 2024Article
- Clinical analysis of influenza in the neonatal intensive care unit.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women in national cohorts of England and Wales.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Lack of association between COVID-19 vaccines and miscarriage onset using a case-crossover design.Scientific reports · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pregnant women are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza and are recognized as a priority group for influenza vaccination. Despite this, uptake is often poor and one reason cited for this is concerns about safety. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the safety of inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV) in pregnancy. Studies were included if they were: (i) observational or experimental design; (ii) included a comparator group comprising of unvaccinated pregnant women; (iii) comprised of either seasonal IIV or monovalent H1N1 IIV (including adjuvanted vaccines); and (iv) addressed one of the following outcomes: preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), fetal death (including stillbirth or spontaneous abortion), low birth weight (LBW) or congenital abnormalities. Two reviewers screened abstracts and titles and selected full texts for retrieval. Crude odds ratios were calculated from reported event rates, using binomial standard errors. Adjusted odds ratios, hazard ratios and relative rates were extracted as reported in each paper. After removal of duplicates and full text eligibility assessment, 40 studies remained. The aOR for PTB was 0.87 (0.78-0.96), for LBW 0.82 (0.76-0.89), congenital abnormality 1.03 (0.99-1.07), SGA 0.99 (0.94-1.04) and stillbirth 0.84 (0.65-1.08). This study contributes to the increasing body of safety data for IIV in pregnancy and reports a protective effect on PTB and LBW.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.