ArticleCurrent eye research2019
Effects of Repeated Eyelid Injections with Botulinum Toxin A on Innervation of Treated Muscles in Patients with Blepharospasm.
Article in Current eye research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Neuromuscular Junction Distribution in the Upper Face: An Anatomy-to-Practice Review to Inform Botulinum Toxin Type A Treatment Planning.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting recurrence in patients with Meige syndrome after radiofrequency ablation.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo assess changes in innervation and muscle morphology after repeated botulinum toxin A injections in subjects with benign essential blepharospasm.
methodsSurgical waste specimens were processed for histologic examination of nerve fibers, neuromuscular junctions, fiber size, and central nucleation and compared to age matched controls and to two subjects with blepharospasm that had not received botulinum toxin A injections.
resultsThere was a significant increase in amount of nerve fibers and numbers of neuromuscular junctions in the orbicularis oculi muscles from subjects with blepharospasm treated repetitively with botulinum toxin A. In addition there was a significant decrease in mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area and an increase in central nucleation. The specimens from the subjects with only blepharospasm had the same density of nerves but had intermediate levels of neuromuscular junctions.
conclusionsThese data suggest that repeated injections of botulinum toxin A has an effect on nerve and neuromuscular junction numbers, which are partly mirrored in orbicularis oculi muscle from subjects with blepharospasm only. These studies suggest the potential for modulating these changes in order to extend the duration of effectiveness of botulinum toxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.