ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2018
Changes in Prevalence of Health Care-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals.
3 registry-linked trialsAbstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 602 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
602citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Impact of Germicidal Light on Intraoperative S. Aureus Exposure
Reducing Intraoperative ESKAPE (Enterococcus, S. Aureus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter Spp.) Transmission In the Pediatric Operating Room Via Use of a Personal Hand Hygiene System Optimized by OR PathTrac
Reducing Intraoperative ESKAPE (Enterococcus, S. Aureus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter Spp.) Transmission Via Use of an Evidence-Based, Hand Hygiene Program Optimized by OR PathTrac
Who cites it
602 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measurement in Patients With Hospital-Acquired/Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Pooled it
- The global prevalence of biofilm-forming Enterococcus faecalis in clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Prevention in adults of transmission of infection with multidrug-resistant organisms: an updated systematic review from Making Healthcare Safer IV.BMJ quality & safety · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Pooled it
- Wound closure techniques for spinoplastic surgery: a review of the literature.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata): A systematic review of clinical and microbiological data from 2011 to 2021 to inform the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogens List.Medical mycology · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of probiotics and synbiotics on complications of wound infection after colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis.International wound journal · 2024Pooled it
- A US Hospital-Perspective Decision-Analytic Model of Once-Weekly Rezafungin Versus Daily Echinocandin Therapy in Hospitalized Adults With Candidemia or Invasive Candidiasis: Potential Cost Savings From Earlier Discharge.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Impact of clinical pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship on antibiotic appropriateness, clinical outcomes, and antimicrobial consumption in hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota, Live-jslm (REBYOTA®), for the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Participants With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in PUNCH CD3-OLS.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota, Live-jslm, in Preventing RecurrentOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- PUNCH CD3-OLS: A Phase 3 Prospective Observational Cohort Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota, Live-jslm (REBYOTA) in Adults With Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Nasal microbiome and the effect of nasal decolonization with a novel povidone-iodine antiseptic solution: a prospective and randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- A Trial of Automated Outbreak Detection to Reduce Hospital Pathogen Spread.NEJM evidence · 2024Trial
- Effectiveness of Bio-K+ for the prevention ofInfection control and hospital epidemiology · 2024Trial
- Population genomics reveals a long-term increase in azole resistance associated with the emerging cluster AZR amongEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Identifying hidden infection risks in urinary catheterisation: a nurse-led quality improvement initiative based on clinical observation.Infection prevention in practice · 2026Article
- Identification and Characterization of Patient Populations at High Risk for Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI): A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Review
- Trends in Mortality and the Effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Mortality Among Adult Patients WithOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
542 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
33 authors.
Shelley S MagillFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Erin O'LearyFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Sarah J JanelleFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Deborah L ThompsonFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Ghinwa DumyatiFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Joelle NadleFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Lucy E WilsonFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Marion A KainerFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Ruth LynfieldFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Samantha GreissmanFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Susan M RayFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Zintars BeldavsFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Cindy GrossFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Wendy BambergFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Marla SieversFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Cathleen ConcannonFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Nicolai BuhrFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Linn WarnkeFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Meghan MaloneyFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Valerie OcampoFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Janet BrooksFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Tolulope OyewumiFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Shamima SharminFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Katherine RichardsFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Jean RainbowFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Monika SamperFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Emily B HancockFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Denise LeaptrotFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Eileen ScaliseFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Farzana BadrunFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Ruby PhelpsFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Jonathan R EdwardsFrom the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (S.S.M., E.O., C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S., F.B., R.P., J.R.E.), the Department of Medicine, Emory University (S.M.R.), CACI (C.G., J.B., D.L., E.S.), and Eagle Medical Services (F.B.) - all in Atlanta; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (S.J.J., W.B., T.O.); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe (D.L.T., M. Sievers, S.S.), and Presbyterian Healthcare Services (D.L.T.) and University of New Mexico (E.B.H.), Albuquerque; New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (G.D., C.C.); California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.N.); Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore (L.E.W., N.B., K.R.); Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville (M.A.K.); Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (R.L., L.W., J.R.); Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, New Haven and Hartford (S.G., M.M.); Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur (S.M.R.); and Oregon Health Authority, Portland (Z.B., V.O., M. Samper).
Emerging Infections Program Hospital Prevalence Survey Team
Funding
Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
Abstract
backgroundA point-prevalence survey that was conducted in the United States in 2011 showed that 4% of hospitalized patients had a health care-associated infection. We repeated the survey in 2015 to assess changes in the prevalence of health care-associated infections during a period of national attention to the prevention of such infections.
methodsAt Emerging Infections Program sites in 10 states, we recruited up to 25 hospitals in each site area, prioritizing hospitals that had participated in the 2011 survey. Each hospital selected 1 day on which a random sample of patients was identified for assessment. Trained staff reviewed medical records using the 2011 definitions of health care-associated infections. We compared the percentages of patients with health care-associated infections and performed multivariable log-binomial regression modeling to evaluate the association of survey year with the risk of health care-associated infections.
resultsIn 2015, a total of 12,299 patients in 199 hospitals were surveyed, as compared with 11,282 patients in 183 hospitals in 2011. Fewer patients had health care-associated infections in 2015 (394 patients [3.2%; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.9 to 3.5]) than in 2011 (452 [4.0%; 95% CI, 3.7 to 4.4]) (P<0.001), largely owing to reductions in the prevalence of surgical-site and urinary tract infections. Pneumonia, gastrointestinal infections (most of which were due to Clostridium difficile [now Clostridioides difficile]), and surgical-site infections were the most common health care-associated infections. Patients' risk of having a health care-associated infection was 16% lower in 2015 than in 2011 (risk ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95; P=0.005), after adjustment for age, presence of devices, days from admission to survey, and status of being in a large hospital.
conclusionsThe prevalence of health care-associated infections was lower in 2015 than in 2011. To continue to make progress in the prevention of such infections, prevention strategies against C. difficile infection and pneumonia should be augmented. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Indexed as
AdultAgedCatheterizationClostridium InfectionsCross InfectionHospital Bed CapacityHospitalizationHospital UnitsHumansInfant, NewbornMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisPneumoniaPrevalenceRegression AnalysisRespiration, Artificial
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