Trial reportBMC medicine2018
Baseline exposure, antibody subclass, and hepatitis B response differentially affect malaria protective immunity following RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in African children.
Trial report in BMC medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Duration and association with protection of NANP-repeat-specific and C-terminus-specific anti-circumsporozoite protein IgG responses following RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Antibody fine specificity correlates with protection from malaria for the RTS,S vaccine in young African children: A post hoc analysis of a phase IIb randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- Identification of RTS,S/AS01 vaccine-induced humoral biomarkers predictive of protection against controlled human malaria infection.JCI insight · 2024Trial
- Induction, decay, and determinants of functional antibodies following vaccination with the RTS,S malaria vaccine in young children.BMC medicine · 2022Trial
- Multifunctional Antibodies Are Induced by the RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Associated With Protection in a Phase 1/2a Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Differential Patterns of IgG Subclass Responses toFrontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- An mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine targeting theMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Vaccine-Induced Antibodies to a C-Terminal Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein Epitope Associated With Protection Against Malaria Challenge.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- TZ1391: a computationally designed circular mRNA multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis via TLR3 immunomodulation.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Repertoire, function, and structure of serological antibodies induced by the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Role of malaria exposure and off-target responses on RTS,S/AS02NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Elicitation of liver-stage immunity by nanoparticle immunogens displaying P. falciparum CSP-derived antigens.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Vaccine-induced responses to R21/Matrix-M - an analysis of samples from a phase 1b age de-escalation, dose-escalation trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Current Developments in Malaria Vaccination: A Concise Review on Implementation, Challenges, and Future Directions.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2025Review
- Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors: Insights From a Cohort Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Effect of RTS,S/AS01NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Preclinical development of a stabilized RH5 virus-like particle vaccine that induces improved antimalarial antibodies.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 12 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe RTS,S/AS01E vaccine provides partial protection against malaria in African children, but immune responses have only been partially characterized and do not reliably predict protective efficacy. We aimed to evaluate comprehensively the immunogenicity of the vaccine at peak response, the factors affecting it, and the antibodies associated with protection against clinical malaria in young African children participating in the multicenter phase 3 trial for licensure.
methodsWe measured total IgM, IgG, and IgG
resultsRTS,S/AS01E induced IgM and IgG, predominantly IgG1 and IgG3, but also IgG2 and IgG4, subclass responses. Age, site, previous malaria episodes, and baseline characteristics including antibodies to CSP and other antigens reflecting malaria exposure and maternal IgGs, nutritional status, and hemoglobin concentration, significantly affected vaccine immunogenicity. We identified distinct signatures of malaria protection and risk in RTS,S/AS01E but not in comparator vaccinees. IgG2 and IgG4 responses to RTS,S antigens post-vaccination, and anti-CSP and anti-P. falciparum antibody levels pre-vaccination, were associated with malaria risk over 1-year follow-up. In contrast, antibody responses to HBsAg (all isotypes, subclasses, and timepoints) and post-vaccination IgG1 and IgG3 to CSP C-terminus and NANP were associated with protection. Age and site affected the relative contribution of responses in the correlates identified.
conclusionsCytophilic IgG responses to the C-terminal and NANP repeat regions of CSP and anti-HBsAg antibodies induced by RTS,S/AS01E vaccination were associated with malaria protection. In contrast, higher malaria exposure at baseline and non-cytophilic IgG responses to CSP were associated with disease risk. Data provide new correlates of vaccine success and failure in African children and reveal key insights into the mode of action that can guide development of more efficacious next-generation vaccines.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.