ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2018
Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology of arboviruses in humans and livestock in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Distribution pattern and prevalence of West Nile virus infection in Nigeria from 1950 to 2020: a systematic review.Epidemiology and health · 2020Pooled it
- West Nile virus: epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and open research questions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- A multidisciplinary approach to the detection of and response to West Nile virus in the Netherlands between 2020 and 2023: best practices, challenges and opportunities.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Article
- Vector-Borne Infections in Romania: From Surveillance to Prediction.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- The diagnostic utility of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity in distinguishing between past and acute infection of West Nile Virus (WNV).Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- West Nile virus in Culex mosquitoes and dead birds from the San Gabriel Valley, California, 2021-2022.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Article
- West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Diagnosis of West Nile virus infections: Evaluation of different laboratory methods.World journal of virology · 2024Article
- West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Global Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Antibodies in Humans, 1956-2022: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Whole-Blood PCR Preferred for Timely Diagnosis of Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infections: Lessons From the 2021 Arizona Outbreak.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Review
- Field-based assessments of the seasonality of Culex pipiens sensu lato in England: an important enzootic vector of Usutu and West Nile viruses.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- First Detection of West Nile Virus Lineage 2 in Mosquitoes in Switzerland, 2022.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance.Viruses · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus whose zoonotic cycle includes both mosquitoes and birds as amplifiers and humans and horses as dead-end hosts. In recent years WNV has been spreading globally and is currently endemic in Africa, The Middle East, India, Australia, central and southern Europe, and the Americas. Integrated surveillance schemes and environmental data aim to detect viral circulation and reduce the risk of infection for the human population emphasizing the critical role for One Health principles in public health. Approximately 20% of WNV infected patients develop West Nile Fever while in less than 1%, infection results in West Nile Neurological Disease. Currently, the diagnosis of WNV infection is primarily based on serology, since molecular identification of WNV RNA is unreliable due to the short viremia. The recent emergence of Zika virus epidemic in America and Asia has added another layer of complexity to WNV diagnosis due to significant cross-reactivity between several members of the Flaviviridae family such as Zika, dengue, Usutu, and West Nile viruses. Diagnosis is especially challenging in persons living in regions with flavivirus co-circulation as well as in travelers from WNV endemic countries traveling to Zika or dengue infected areas or vise-versa. Here, we review the recent studies implementing WNV surveillance of mosquitoes and birds within the One Health initiative. Furthermore, we discuss the utility of novel molecular methods, alongside traditional molecular and serological methods, in WNV diagnosis and epidemiological research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.