ArticleVirchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology2019
High expression of CCL2 in tumor cells and abundant infiltration with CD14 positive macrophages predict early relapse in breast cancer.
Article in Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemokine-chemokine receptor axis: Emerging immunotherapeutic paradigms for solid tumor microenvironment reprogramming.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Development of therapeutic cancer vaccines based on cancer immunity cycle.Frontiers of medicine · 2025Review
- The role of SH3RF2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma and M2 polarization: insights into LZTS2 ubiquitination.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Chemoresistant tumor cell secretome potentiates immune suppression in triple negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Circulating CD3Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Multi-Drug Resistance and Breast Cancer Progression via Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Signaling.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Review
- FGFR‑related phenotypic and functional profile of CAFs in prognostication of breast cancer (Review).International journal of oncology · 2024Review
- Hypoxia-induced miR-210-3p expression in lung adenocarcinoma potentiates tumor development by regulating CCL2 mediated monocyte infiltration.Molecular oncology · 2024Article
- M1 macrophages polarized by crude polysaccharides isolated from Auricularia polytricha exhibit anti-tumor effect on human breast cancer cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- CCR2 and CCR5 co-inhibition modulates immunosuppressive myeloid milieu in glioma and synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy.Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- Prognostic impact of LILRB4 expression on tumor-infiltrating cells in resected non-small cell lung cancer.Thoracic cancer · 2023Article
- The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 is a promoter of breast cancer metastasis.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Review
- Chromosome 18 Loss of Heterozygosity in Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumours: Multi-Omic and Tumour Composition Analyses.Neuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible Treatments: All options on the Table.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Role of CC-chemokine ligand 2 in gynecological cancer.Cancer cell international · 2022Review
- Review
- Comprehensive genomic and tumour immune profiling reveals potential therapeutic targets in malignant pleural mesothelioma.Genome medicine · 2022Article
- Identification of immune cell function in breast cancer by integrating multiple single-cell data.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Key chemokines direct migration of immune cells in solid tumors.Cancer gene therapy · 2022Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages are important for the function of the innate immune system, and in solid tumors, they represent a significant proportion of the tumor mass. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have a M2 phenotype and show a multitude of pro-tumoral functions, promoting tumor cell survival, proliferation, and dissemination. CCL2, synthesized by tumor and stromal cells, initiates a chemokine cascade inducing these processes. We studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the frequency of TAMs and CCL2 expressing cells in three groups of primary tumor (PT)-recurrence (R) pairs, where relapse was recorded within 2 years (group 1), between 5 and 10 years (group 2), and after 10 years (group 3). In our study all established breast cancers were heavily infiltrated by CD68 positive cells. Both in PTs and in R lesions the infiltration was more abundant in the peritumoral than in the intratumoral stroma. The mean frequency of M2 marker and CD14 positive cells in the intratumoral stroma and CCL2 expressing tumor cells was higher in the Rs as compared to the corresponding PTs. In PTs, a high frequency of CD14 positive cells and a high expression of CCL2 by tumor cells was associated with an early recurrence. The findings support the current understanding of immune cell orchestrated development, progression and metastatic spread of breast cancer. Our study showed that a high frequency of CCL2 positive tumor cells and CD14 positive TAMs are significant risk factors for rapid tumor recurrence. Potential targets for intervention are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.