ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2018
Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke-A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease.
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Zealand blackcurrant extract modulates the heat shock response in men during exercise in hot ambient conditions.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Plasma apolipoprotein A-IV deficiency as a proteomics-identified diagnostic biomarker for heat stroke: A prospective 2-center study.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Article
- Pyrroloquinoline quinone protects heat-stressed porcine oocytes and improves early embryonic development via maintaining mitochondrial integrity and redox homeostasis.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal microbiota and barrier integrity in individuals who develop exertional heat illness and pair-matched controls: A prospective observational cohort study.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Development and external validation of a machine learning-based Cox model for predicting in-hospital survival in classic heatstroke: a multicenter retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of Extreme Heat Exposure on Heatstroke and Liver Injury in Mice: The Role of PPARα.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- The physiology of survival: Heat.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Probiotic Bifidobacterium Confers Protection Against Heat Stroke Through Enhancement of Intestinal Barrier Function in Rats.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Article
- Faecal microbiome, gastrointestinal integrity, inflammation and thermoregulation in recent exertional heat illness patients and matched controls.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights into avian and chiropteran thermal risk exposure in a warming world.Conservation physiology · 2026Review
- The neural thermostat malfunction: revisiting heatstroke through the lens of warm-sensitive neuron dysregulation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Cell death mechanisms in heat stroke and sepsis: ZBP1 and caspase-11 as molecular sensors driving the MLKL/GSDMD death execution axis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- TIM-4International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Effect of foot immersion and neck cooling on renal, intestinal, immune and inflammatory markers in older adults exposed to extreme heat.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Intestinal epithelial injury and inflammation after physical work in temperate and hot environments in older men with hypertension or type 2 diabetes.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Heatstroke-Induced Inflammatory Response and Therapeutic Biomarkers.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Advances in the comprehensive mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of heatstroke-induced coagulopathy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of heat stroke-induced endothelial injury.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Investigating the Therapeutic Mechanisms of Honeysuckle (China) in Sepsis Through Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Specific immune landscape of heatstroke distinguished from sepsis and aseptic inflammation.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heat stroke (HS) is an ancient illness dating back more than 2000 years and continues to be a health threat and to cause fatality during physical exertion, especially in military personnel, fire-fighters, athletes, and outdoor laborers. The current paradigm in the pathophysiology and prevention of HS focuses predominantly on heat as the primary trigger and driver of HS, which has not changed significantly for centuries. However, pathological and clinical reports from HS victims and research evidence from animal and human studies support the notion that heat alone does not fully explain the pathophysiology of HS and that HS may also be triggered and driven by heat- and exercise-induced endotoxemia. Exposure to heat and exercise stresses independently promote the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria in the gut to blood in the circulatory system. Blood concentration of LPS can increase to a threshold that triggers the systemic inflammatory response, leading to the downstream ramifications of cellular and organ damage with sepsis as the end point i.e., heat sepsis. The dual pathway model (DPM) of HS proposed that HS is triggered by two independent pathways sequentially along the core temperature continuum of >40 °C. HS is triggered by heat sepsis at Tc < 42 °C and by the heat toxicity at Tc > 42 °C, where the direct effects of heat alone can cause cellular and organ damage. Therefore, heat sepsis precedes heat toxicity in the pathophysiology of HS.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.