ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2019
Sex differences in tuberculosis.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis case fatality is higher in male than female patients in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection · 2024Pooled it
- Gender differences in tuberculosis incidence rates-A pooled analysis of data from seven high-income countries by age group and time period.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Thymic selection of the T cell receptor repertoire is biased toward autoimmunity in females.eLife · 2026Article
- Armed conflict intensity and inequalities in tuberculosis outcomes in Colombia municipalities, 2008-2019.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- VEGFR Blockade ReducesCells · 2026Article
- Comprehensive tuberculosis screening and preventive treatment in schools and congregate settings of India (2017-2024): a prospective study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- B cells and iBALT in TB immunity & pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- The eight pillars of within-host tuberculosis modelling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trends and age-period-cohort analysis of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis: a population-based study in Hunan Province, China, 2009-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in LTBI individuals screened from close contacts: a retrospective case-control study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A discourse analysis of social inequities, gender, and stigma in tuberculosis policies of seven countries from Africa, Asia, Europe and South America.Global health action · 2025Article
- Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Dazu District, Chongqing, China, 2005-2024: Surveillance Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Trends and projection of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Hubei Province, china: an age‒period‒cohort modeling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Brief Report: Sex and HIV Modify Immune Activation Biomarkers in Ugandans Post-Tuberculosis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- SMURF2 inhibits autophagic control ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Generalized linear modeling of flow cytometry data to analyze immune responses in tuberculosis vaccine research.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Addressing Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Models of Lung Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Tuberculosis treatment failure: what are the risk factors? A comprehensive literature review.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2025Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most prevalent bacterial infectious disease in humans and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is carried by an estimated two billion people globally and claims more than 1.5 million lives each year. Tuberculosis rates are significantly higher in men than in women, reflected by a male-to-female ratio for worldwide case notifications of 1.7. This phenomenon is not new and has been reported in various countries and settings over the last century. However, the reasons for the observed gender bias are not clear, potentially highly complex and discussed controversially in the literature. Both gender- (referring to sociocultural roles and behavior) and sex-related factors (referring to biological aspects) likely contribute to higher tuberculosis rates in men and will be discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.