ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2019
Sex differences in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The British journal of radiology · 2024Pooled it
- Sex ratio and age of onset in AQP4 antibody-associated NMOSD: a review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Dendritic cell vaccines targeting tumor blood vessel antigens in combination with dasatinib induce therapeutic immune responses in patients with checkpoint-refractory advanced melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- HLA-DRB1*15:01 drives sex- and age-dependent microglial activation and neuroimmune signaling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Are cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) sensitive enough for the evaluation of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- HLA-DRB1*15:01 drives sex- and age-dependent microglial immune phenotypes and neuroimmune signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The impact of autoimmune comorbidities on multiple sclerosis progression: insights from a longitudinal single-center study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Comorbidities Are Associated With Unfavorable Outcome in Aquaporin-4 Antibody Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Exploratory Study From the CROCTINO Cohort.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Sex-chromosome complement and Activin-A shape the therapeutic potential of TNFR2 activation in a model of MS and CNP.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Sex and age differences in glia and myelin in nonhuman primate and human spinal cords: implications for pathology.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- An In-Depth Exploration of the Autoantibody Immune Profile in ME/CFS Using Novel Antigen Profiling Techniques.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Potential therapeutic effects of ibudilast and retinoic acid against cuprizone-induced behavioral and biochemical changes in mouse brain.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Autoimmune brainstem encephalitis: Clinical associations, outcomes, and proposed diagnostic criteria.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Association between dietary carbohydrate intake and multiple sclerosis risk: a large-scale cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Mental health outcomes in pregnant women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Linking Downbeat Nystagmus and Aquaporin-4-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica: A Closer Look at Their Hidden Relationship.Cureus · 2024Article
- High mobility group box-1 protein promotes astrocytic CCL5 production through the MAPK/NF-κB pathway following spinal cord injury.Scientific reports · 2024Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stronger adaptive immune responses in females can be observed in different mammals, resulting in better control of infections compared to males. However, this presumably evolutionary difference likely also drives higher incidence of autoimmune diseases observed in humans. Here, we summarize sex differences in the most common autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and discuss recent advances in the understanding of possible underlying immunological and CNS intrinsic mechanisms. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common inflammatory disease of the CNS, but also in rarer conditions, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) or neuronal autoantibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis (AE), sex is one of the top risk factors, with women being more often affected than men. Immunological mechanisms driving the sex bias in autoimmune CNS diseases are complex and include hormonal as well as genetic and epigenetic effects, which could also be exerted indirectly via modulation of the microbiome. Furthermore, CNS intrinsic differences could underlie the sex bias in autoimmunity by differential responses to injury. The strong effects of sex on incidence and possibly also activity and progression of autoimmune CNS disorders suggest that treatments need to be tailored to each sex to optimize efficacy. To date, however, due to a lack of systematic studies on treatment responses in males versus females, evidence in this area is still sparse. We argue that studies taking sex differences into account could pave the way for sex-specific and therefore personalized treatment.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.