ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2019
Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of Trefoil Family Factor 1 (TFF1) as a potential marker for retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Retinoblastoma research trends from 1980 to 2023: a 44-year bibliometric study.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2024Pooled it
- Retinoblastoma management: achieving high standards of care.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- Reliability, validity, and acceptability of the simplified Mandarin Chinese EORTC QLQ-OPT30 for uveal melanoma patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Optic Nerve Invasion in Retinoblastoma: Impact of Eye Salvage and Adjuvant Chemotherapy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Case Report: A novel germline donor splicing site mutation ofFrontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Assessing the Metabolic Variations of Invasive and Noninvasive Unilateral Retinoblastoma Patients.ACS omega · 2024Article
- Optic nerve thickening on high-spatial-resolution MRI predicts early-stage postlaminar optic nerve invasion in retinoblastoma.European radiology · 2024Article
- Comparative study on genomic and epigenomic profiles of retinoblastoma or tuberous sclerosis complex via nanopore sequencing and a joint screening framework.Cancer gene therapy · 2024Article
- Adjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Survival for Children With Massive Choroidal Invasion of Retinoblastoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Ten things you learned in your residency about retinoblastoma that have changed the 2023 Victor T. Curtin Lecture.Ophthalmic genetics · 2023Article
- The survival analysis and feasibility study of Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV) in the treatment of retinoblastoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Cell Free DNA (cfDNA) in the Blood of Retinoblastoma Patients The Robert M. Ellsworth Lecture.Ophthalmic genetics · 2022Article
- Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of the Immune Cell Infiltration Landscape and Immune-Related Methylation in Retinoblastoma.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Article
- A high-risk retinoblastoma subtype with stemness features, dedifferentiated cone states and neuronal/ganglion cell gene expression.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Natural History of Untreated Retinoblastoma.Cancers · 2021Article
- Retrospective Evaluation of Somatic Alterations in Cell-Free DNA from Blood in Retinoblastoma.Ophthalmology science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsEnucleation for retinoblastoma is performed less often in the past decade due to increasingly widespread alternative therapies, but enucleation remains an important option. There is a paucity of reports on the current incidence of metastases and metastatic deaths in unilateral retinoblastoma from US centres.
methodsRetrospective chart review at five tertiary retinoblastoma centres in the USA for unilateral retinoblastoma patients treated with primary enucleation, 2007-2017, with
resultsAmong 228 patients (228 eyes), there were nine metastases (3.9%) and four deaths (1.7%). The Kaplan-Meier estimate at 5 years for metastasis-free survival was 96% (95% CI, 94% to 99 %), and for overall survival was 98% (95% CI 96% to 100%). All metastases were evident within 12 months. Histopathology revealed higher risk pathology (postlaminar optic nerve and/or massive choroidal invasion) in 62 of 228 eyes (27%). Of these higher risk eyes, 39 received adjuvant chemotherapy. There were four subsequent metastases in this higher risk pathology with adjuvant chemotherapy group, with three deaths. Of the nine overall with metastases, seven (78%) showed higher risk pathology. All metastatic patients were classified as Reese-Ellsworth V and International Classification of Retinoblastoma Groups D or E. Initial metastases presented as orbital invasion in seven of nine cases.
conclusionsPrimary enucleation for unilateral retinoblastoma results in a low rate of metastatic death, but is still associated with a 3.9% chance of metastases within a year of enucleation. Most but not all patients who developed metastases had higher risk histopathological findings.
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