ArticleSports medicine - open2018
The effects of time of day and chronotype on cognitive and physical performance in healthy volunteers.
Article in Sports medicine - open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06949371 (Investigation of the Effects of Chronotype Differences on Balance and Muscle Strength in Young Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 66 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Investigation of the Effects of Chronotype Differences on Balance and Muscle Strength in Young Adults
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Determining Cognitive Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review Focused on Methodology of Applying Cognitive Tests.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Diurnal variation in variables related to cognitive performance: a systematic review.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Pooled it
- Diurnal Variation in Maximum Endurance and Maximum Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2022Pooled it
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- Effects of 6-Week Motor-Cognitive Agility Training on Football Test Performance in Adult Amateur Players - A Three-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2024Trial
- Time of Day and Chronotype-Dependent Synchrony Effects Exercise-Induced Reduction in Migraine Load: A Pilot Cross-Over Randomized Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Trial
- The Influence of Time of Day on Critical Swimming Speed in Chronotype-Screened (Neither-Type) Well-Trained Male Swimmers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chrono-Exercise Medicine: Why Biological Timing Matters for Human Health.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Teaching at scale: a mixed-methods study of team-based learning analytics to enable early support in medical education.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- The association between sleep duration and computerized neurocognitive testing outcomes at baseline and post injury in US service academy cadets and midshipmen: findings from the CARE Consortium.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Article
- Optimizing Athlete Travel for Performance: A Scientific Blueprint for Athletes, Coaches, and Sports Medicine Staff.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Travel-Induced Circadian and Microbiota Disturbances: Implications for Athlete Health and Performance: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Brain network analysis using morphological intrinsic divergence: differences in small-world properties of morphological similarity networks among healthy young adults with different chronotypes.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Sex differences in physical performance, sleep, and psychological responses to long-term, arduous military training.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Afternoon exercise was associated with greater fat loss than morning exercise in overweight/obese adults: an exploratory study of PER3 rs228697 genotype matching.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Association between chronotype and dual-task gait cost across distinct cognitive domains in healthy young adults.PloS one · 2026Article
- Differential Time-of-Day Effects of Caffeine Capsule and Mouth Rinse on Cognitive Performance in Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Investigation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhether you are a morning lark or a night owl has proven to be a key contributor in the timing of peak athletic performance. Recent evidence suggests that accounting for these differences, known as one's chronotype, results in significantly different diurnal performance profiles. However, there is limited research investigating multiple measures of performance simultaneously over the course of a socially constrained day.
objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the impact of chronotype on indices of cognitive and physical performance at different times of day in healthy volunteers.
methodsWe recruited 56 healthy individuals categorised as early (ECT, n = 25) or late (LCT, n = 31) chronotypes using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, circadian phase markers and objective actigraphy. Measures of cognitive and physical performance, along with self-reported daytime sleepiness, were taken at multiple times of day (14:00 h, 20:00 h and 08:00 h the following morning).
resultsHere, we find significantly different diurnal variation profiles between ECTs and LCTs, for daytime sleepiness, psychomotor vigilance, executive function and isometric grip strength. LCTs were significantly impaired in all measures in the morning compared to ECTs.
conclusionOur results provide evidence to support the notion that 'night owls' are compromised earlier in the day. We offer new insight into how differences in habitual sleep patterns and circadian rhythms impact cognitive and physical measures of performance. These findings may have implications for the sports world, e.g. athletes, coaches and teams, who are constantly looking for ways to minimise performance deficits and maximise performance gains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.